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Bose–Einstein Condensation Of Polaritons
Bose–Einstein condensation of polaritons is a growing field in semiconductor optics research, which exhibits spontaneous coherence similar to a laser, but through a different mechanism. A continuous transition from polariton condensation to lasing can be made similar to that of the crossover from a Bose–Einstein condensate to a BCS state in the context of Fermi gases. Polariton condensation is sometimes called “lasing without inversion”. Overview Polaritons are bosonic quasiparticles which can be thought of as dressed photons. In an optical cavity, photons have an effective mass, and when the optical resonance in a cavity is brought near in energy to an electronic resonance (typically an exciton) in a medium inside the cavity, the photons become strongly interacting, and repel each other. They therefore act like atoms which can approach equilibrium due to their collisions with each other, and can undergo Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) at high density or low temperature ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coherent States
In physics, specifically in quantum mechanics, a coherent state is the specific quantum state of the quantum harmonic oscillator, often described as a state which has dynamics most closely resembling the oscillatory behavior of a classical harmonic oscillator. It was the first example of quantum dynamics when Erwin Schrödinger derived it in 1926, while searching for solutions of the Schrödinger equation that satisfy the correspondence principle. The quantum harmonic oscillator (and hence the coherent states) arise in the quantum theory of a wide range of physical systems.J.R. Klauder and B. Skagerstam, ''Coherent States'', World Scientific, Singapore, 1985. For instance, a coherent state describes the oscillating motion of a particle confined in a quadratic potential well (for an early reference, see e.g. Schiff's textbook). The coherent state describes a state in a system for which the ground-state wavepacket is displaced from the origin of the system. This state can be relate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atac Imamoglu
ATAC, or Atac, may refer to: * Airborne Tactical Advantage Company, a U.S. government contractor which operates foreign military aircraft for training purposes * Anti-Terrorist Action Command, a fictional police organization in the 1981 movie ''Nighthawks'' * Navy Antiterrorist Alert Center, the 1983–2002 United States Navy terrorism watch center * "Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination", an international trial of treatments for localized breast cancer * Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association, a UK trade association * Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin ( ATAC-seq), a DNA sequencing technique * Atac, a French supermarket chain * ATAC SpA (), a public transport company in Rome, Italy * Automatic targeting attack communicator, a fictional military communication device in the James Bond movie ''For Your Eyes Only'' * Advanced Technology Airborne Computer The Advanced Technology Airborne Computer (ATAC) was a product of Itek (a division of Litton Industries), used ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Optical Pumping
Optical pumping is a process in which light is used to raise (or "pump") electrons from a lower energy level in an atom or molecule to a higher one. It is commonly used in laser construction to pump the active laser medium so as to achieve population inversion. The technique was developed by the 1966 Nobel Prize winner Alfred Kastler in the early 1950s. Page 56. Optical pumping is also used to cyclically pump electrons bound within an atom or molecule to a well-defined quantum state. For the simplest case of coherent two-level optical pumping of an atomic species containing a single outer-shell electron, this means that the electron is coherently pumped to a single hyperfine sublevel (labeled m_F\!), which is defined by the polarization of the pump laser along with the quantum selection rules. Upon optical pumping, the atom is said to be ''oriented'' in a specific m_F\! sublevel, however, due to the cyclic nature of optical pumping, the bound electron will actually be undergoin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Keith A
Keith may refer to: People and fictional characters * Keith (given name), includes a list of people and fictional characters * Keith (surname) * Keith (singer), American singer James Keefer (born 1949) * Baron Keith, a line of Scottish barons in the late 18th century * Clan Keith, a Scottish clan associated with lands in northeastern and northwestern Scotland Places Australia * Keith, South Australia, a town and locality Scotland * Keith, Moray, a town ** Keith railway station * Keith Marischal, East Lothian United States * Keith, Georgia, an unincorporated community * Keith, Ohio, an unincorporated community * Keith, West Virginia, an unincorporated community * Keith, Wisconsin, a ghost town * Keith County, Nebraska Other uses * Keith F.C., a football team based in Keith, Scotland * , a ship of the British Royal Navy * Hurricane Keith, a 2000 hurricane that caused extensive damage in Central America * ''Keith'' (film), a 2008 independent film directed by Todd Kessler * ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Superfluidity
Superfluidity is the characteristic property of a fluid with zero viscosity which therefore flows without any loss of kinetic energy. When stirred, a superfluid forms vortices that continue to rotate indefinitely. Superfluidity occurs in two isotopes of helium (helium-3 and helium-4) when they are liquefied by cooling to cryogenic temperatures. It is also a property of various other exotic State of matter, states of matter theorized to exist in astrophysics, high-energy physics, and theories of quantum gravity. The theory of superfluidity was developed by Soviet theoretical physicists Lev Landau and Isaak Khalatnikov. Superfluidity is often coincidental with Bose–Einstein condensate, Bose–Einstein condensation, but neither phenomenon is directly related to the other; not all Bose–Einstein condensates can be regarded as superfluids, and not all superfluids are Bose–Einstein condensates. Superfluidity of liquid helium Superfluidity was discovered in helium-4 by Pyotr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Experimentalist
Experimentalism is the philosophical belief that the way to truth is through experiments and empiricism. It is also associated with instrumentalism, the belief that truth should be evaluated based upon its demonstrated usefulness. Experimentalism is considered a theory of knowledge that emphasizes direct action and scientific control as well as methods and consequences. Conceptualizations Experimentalism is referred to as John Dewey's version of pragmatism. The theory, which he also called as practicalism, holds that the pattern for knowledge should be modern science and modern scientific methods. Dewey explained that philosophy involves the critical evaluation of belief and that the concept's function is practical. This perspective has influenced modern American intellectual culture leading to a correction of approaches to science that had excessive concentrations on theory. While experimentalism is empirical in approach, experimentalism is distinguished from it. The former i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
David W
David (; , "beloved one") (traditional spelling), , ''Dāwūd''; grc-koi, Δαυΐδ, Dauíd; la, Davidus, David; gez , ዳዊት, ''Dawit''; xcl, Դաւիթ, ''Dawitʿ''; cu, Давíдъ, ''Davidŭ''; possibly meaning "beloved one". was, according to the Hebrew Bible, the third king of the United Kingdom of Israel. In the Books of Samuel, he is described as a young shepherd and harpist who gains fame by slaying Goliath, a champion of the Philistines, in southern Canaan. David becomes a favourite of Saul, the first king of Israel; he also forges a notably close friendship with Jonathan, a son of Saul. However, under the paranoia that David is seeking to usurp the throne, Saul attempts to kill David, forcing the latter to go into hiding and effectively operate as a fugitive for several years. After Saul and Jonathan are both killed in battle against the Philistines, a 30-year-old David is anointed king over all of Israel and Judah. Following his rise to power, David ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quantum Well
A quantum well is a potential well with only discrete energy values. The classic model used to demonstrate a quantum well is to confine particles, which were initially free to move in three dimensions, to two dimensions, by forcing them to occupy a planar region. The effects of quantum confinement take place when the quantum well thickness becomes comparable to the de Broglie wavelength of the carriers (generally electrons and holes), leading to energy levels called "energy subbands", i.e., the carriers can only have discrete energy values. A wide variety of electronic quantum well devices have been developed based on the theory of quantum well systems. These devices have found applications in lasers, photodetectors, modulators, and switches for example. Compared to conventional devices, quantum well devices are much faster and operate much more economically and are a point of incredible importance to the technological and telecommunication industries. These quantum well devices a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yoshihisa Yamamoto (scientist)
is the director of Physics & Informatics Laboratories (PHI Labs), NTT Research, Inc. He is also Professor (Emeritus) at Stanford University and National Institute of Informatics (Tokyo). Biography Yamamoto was born in Tokyo on November 21, 1950. In 1973 he received his B.S. degree from Tokyo Institute of Technology. He continued his studies at the University of Tokyo where he received his M.S. in 1975 and Ph.D. in 1978. From 1978 to 1992, he worked at NTT Basic Research Laboratories in Tokyo. Since 1992, he has been a professor of applied physics and electrical engineering at Stanford University in the United States and currently a professor (emeritus). Since 2003, he also has been a professor at National Institute of Informatics in Tokyo and currently a professor (emeritus). In 2019, he became a founding director of NTT PHI Labs in Silicon Valley, California, the United States. Work Yamamoto's scientific focuses in the 1980s were coherent optical fiber communications, o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Population Inversion
In science, specifically statistical mechanics, a population inversion occurs while a system (such as a group of atoms or molecules) exists in a state in which more members of the system are in higher, excited states than in lower, unexcited energy states. It is called an "inversion" because in many familiar and commonly encountered physical systems, this is not possible. This concept is of fundamental importance in laser science because the production of a population inversion is a necessary step in the workings of a standard laser. Boltzmann distributions and thermal equilibrium To understand the concept of a population inversion, it is necessary to understand some thermodynamics and the way that light interacts with matter. To do so, it is useful to consider a very simple assembly of atoms forming a laser medium. Assume there is a group of ''N'' atoms, each of which is capable of being in one of two energy states: either #The ''ground state'', with energy ''E''1; or #The ''exc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
