Borna Virus

picture info	Borna Virus ''Bornaviridae'' is a family of negative-strand RNA viruses in the order '' Mononegavirales''. Horses, sheep, cattle, rodents, birds, reptiles, and humans serve as natural hosts. Diseases associated with bornaviruses include Borna disease, a fatal neurologic disease of mammals restricted to central Europe; and proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) in birds. Bornaviruses may cause encephalitis in mammals like horses or sheep. The family includes 11 species assigned to three genera. History Borna disease was first identified in 1926 and its genome was isolated in 1990. The ICTV proposed the creation in 1996 of the family ''Bornaviridae'' along with the genus ''Bornaviru''s (today ''Orthobornavirus''). The viral family is named after the city of Borna in Saxony, Germany, which is where many animals were lost to the sporadic encephalopathy caused by the viral disease. Structure Orthobornavirions are enveloped, with spherical geometries and helical capsids. The diameter i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Fomite A fomite () or fomes () is any inanimate object that, when contaminated with or exposed to infectious agents (such as pathogenic bacteria, viruses or fungi), can transfer disease to a new host. Transfer of pathogens by fomites A fomite is any inanimate object (also called passive vector) that, when contaminated with or exposed to infectious agents (such as pathogenic bacteria, viruses or fungi), can transfer disease to a new host. Contamination can occur when one of these objects comes into contact with bodily secretions, like nasal fluid, vomit, or feces. Many common objects can sustain a pathogen until a person comes in contact with the pathogen, increasing the chance of infection. The likely objects are different in a hospital environment than at home or in a workplace. Fomites such as splinters, barbed wire or farmyard surfaces, including soil, feeding troughs or barn beams, have been implicated as sources of virus. Hospital fomites For humans, common hospital fomites are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Borna Disease Virus The Borna disease viruses 1 and 2 (BoDV-1 and BoDV-2) are members of the species ''Mammalian 1 orthobornavirus'' and cause Borna disease in mammals. Virology Genome BoDV-1/2 have the smallest genome (8.9 kilobases) of any ''Mononegavirales'' member and are unique within that order in their ability to replicate within the host cell nucleus. BoDV-1 was isolated from a diseased horse in the 1970s, but the virus particles were difficult to characterise. Nonetheless, the virus' genome has been characterised. It is a linear negative-sense single stranded RNA virus in the order ''Mononegavirales''. Several of the proteins encoded by the BoDV-1 genome have been characterised. The G glycoprotein is important for viral entry into the host cell. It has been suggested that the p10, or X, protein plays a role in viral RNA synthesis or ribonucleoprotein transport. The P40 nucleoprotein from BoDV-1 is multi-helical in structure and can be divided into two subdomains, each of which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Seroprevalence Seroprevalence is the number of persons in a population who test positive for a specific disease based on serology (blood serum) specimens; often presented as a percent of the total specimens tested or as a proportion per 100,000 persons tested. As positively identifying the occurrence of disease is usually based upon the presence of Antibody, antibodies for that disease (especially with viral infections such as herpes simplex, HIV, and SARS-CoV-2), this number is not significant if the Sensitivity and specificity, specificity of the antibody is low. References External links HIV Portland Glossary definition of seroprevalence Epidemiology Serology {{med-diagnostic-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Treeshrew The treeshrews (or tree shrews or banxrings) are small mammals native to the tropical forests of South and Southeast Asia. They make up the entire order Scandentia, which split into two families: the Tupaiidae (19 species, "ordinary" treeshrews), and the Ptilocercidae (one species, the pen-tailed treeshrew). Though called 'treeshrews', and despite having previously been classified in Insectivora, they are not true shrews, and not all species live in trees. They are omnivores; among other things, treeshrews eat fruit. Treeshrews have a higher brain to body mass ratio than any other mammal, including humans, but high ratios are not uncommon for animals weighing less than . Among orders of mammals, treeshrews are closely related to primates, and have been used as an alternative to primates in experimental studies of myopia, psychosocial stress, and hepatitis. Name The name '' Tupaia'' is derived from ''tupai'', the Indonesian word for squirrel, and was provided by Sir Stamfo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Rhesus Macaque The rhesus macaque (''Macaca mulatta''), colloquially rhesus monkey, is a species of Old World monkey. There are between six and nine recognised subspecies that are split between two groups, the Chinese-derived and the Indian-derived. Generally brown or grey in colour, it is in length with a tail and weighs . It is native to South, Central, and Southeast Asia and has the widest geographic range of all non-human primates, occupying a great diversity of altitudes and a great variety of habitats, from grasslands to arid and forested areas, but also close to human settlements. Feral colonies are found in the United States, thought to be either released by humans or escapees after hurricanes destroyed zoo and wildlife park facilities. The rhesus macaque is diurnal, arboreal, and terrestrial. It is mostly herbivorous, mainly eating fruit, but will also consume seeds, roots, buds, bark, and cereals. Studies show almost 100 different plant species in its diet. Rhesus macaques are gener ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Callosciurinae The Callosciurinae are an Asiatic subfamily of squirrels containing over 60 species (mostly found in South East Asia) named after the genus ''Callosciurus'', which means "beautiful squirrels". Classification Family SciuridaeThorington, R. W. Jr. and R. S. Hoffman. 2005. Family Sciuridae. pp. 754–818 ''in'' Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Subfamily Callosciurinae Tribe Callosciurini ''Callosciurus'' - Beautiful squirrels (15 species) '' Dremomys'' - Red-cheeked squirrels or Asian montane squirrels (six species) ''Exilisciurus'' - Asian pygmy squirrels (three species) '' Glyphotes'' - sculptor squirrel '' Hyosciurus'' - Long-nosed squirrels (two species) ''Lariscus'' - Striped ground squirrels (four species) '' Menetes'' - Berdmore's ground squirrel or Indochinese ground squirrel '' Nannosciurus'' - Black-eared ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:** [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Sciurinae Sciurinae is a subfamily of squirrels (in the family Sciuridae), uniting the flying squirrels with certain related tree squirrels. Older sources place the flying squirrels in a separate subfamily (Pteromyinae) and unite all remaining sciurids into the subfamily Sciurinae, but this has been strongly refuted by genetic studies. Classification Subfamily SciurinaeThorington, R. W. and R. S. Hoffmann. 2005. Family Sciuridae. pp 754–818 in Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. walker's mammals of the world 5th edition Volume 1 Tribe Sciurini Genus ''Microsciurus'' – American dwarf squirrels Central American dwarf squirrel, ''M. alfari'' Amazon dwarf squirrel, ''M. flaviventer'' Western dwarf squirrel, ''M. mimulus'' Santander dwarf squirrel, ''M. santanderensis'' Genus '' Rheithrosciurus'' Tufted ground squirrel, ''R. macrotis'' Genus ''Sciurus'' *Subgenus ''Sciurus'' Allen's squirrel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:** [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Variegated Squirrel The variegated squirrel (''Sciurus variegatoides'') is a tree squirrel in the genus '' Sciurus'' found in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, southern Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama. Fifteen subspecies are recognised. It is a common squirrel and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated it a " least-concern species". Variegated squirrels kept as pets in Germany have been implicated in the transmission of a bornavirus to humans from which three people have died. Description The variegated squirrel is a medium-sized squirrel; the head-and-body length is about with a tail of much the same length. It weighs about . The several subspecies differ in appearance and there is often a considerable variation between the appearances of individuals in the same population. The dorsal colouration varies between dark brown to yellowish grey. The neck tends to be darker than other parts and there is often a paler patch behind the ears. The underparts are usually ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Journal A journal, from the Old French ''journal'' (meaning "daily"), may refer to: Bullet journal, a method of personal organization Diary, a record of what happened over the course of a day or other period Daybook, also known as a general journal, a daily record of financial transactions Logbook, a record of events important to the operation of a vehicle, facility, or otherwise Record (other) Transaction log, a chronological record of data processing Travel journal In publishing, ''journal'' can refer to various periodicals or serials: Academic journal, an academic or scholarly periodical Scientific journal, an academic journal focusing on science Medical journal, an academic journal focusing on medicine *Law review, a professional journal focusing on legal interpretation Magazine, non-academic or scholarly periodicals in general Trade magazine, a magazine of interest to those of a particular profession or trade Literary magazine, a magazine devoted to litera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]