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Boisea
''Boisea'' is the least speciose genus of the soapberry bug subfamily. Members of this genus are found in North America, India, and Africa. Unlike other serinethine genera, the distribution of ''Boisea'' is very patchy; it is speculated that its highly vicariant range is relictual of what was previously a much vaster, continuous range. The most well-known species of this genus are the North American boxelder bugs (western ''Boisea rubrolineata'' and eastern ''Boisea trivittata'') and African ''Boisea fulcrata''. The US species mainly feed on the seeds of maple ''Acer'' () is a genus of trees and shrubs commonly known as maples. The genus is placed in the family Sapindaceae.Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008 nd more or less continuously updated since http ... trees and are occasional nuisance pests around homes. In North America, ''Boisea trivittata'' is native to most of the continental United States, excluding California. ''B ...
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Boisea Coimbatorensis
''Boisea'' is the least speciose genus of the soapberry bug subfamily. Members of this genus are found in North America, India, and Africa. Unlike other serinethine genera, the distribution of ''Boisea'' is very patchy; it is speculated that its highly vicariant range is relictual of what was previously a much vaster, continuous range. The most well-known species of this genus are the North American boxelder bugs (western ''Boisea rubrolineata'' and eastern ''Boisea trivittata'') and African ''Boisea fulcrata''. The US species mainly feed on the seeds of maple ''Acer'' () is a genus of trees and shrubs commonly known as maples. The genus is placed in the family Sapindaceae.Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008 nd more or less continuously updated since http ... trees and are occasional nuisance pests around homes. In North America, ''Boisea trivittata'' is native to most of the continental United States, excluding California. ''B ...
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Boisea Fulcrata
''Boisea'' is the least speciose genus of the soapberry bug subfamily. Members of this genus are found in North America, India, and Africa. Unlike other serinethine genera, the distribution of ''Boisea'' is very patchy; it is speculated that its highly vicariant range is relictual of what was previously a much vaster, continuous range. The most well-known species of this genus are the North American boxelder bugs (western ''Boisea rubrolineata'' and eastern ''Boisea trivittata'') and African ''Boisea fulcrata''. The US species mainly feed on the seeds of maple ''Acer'' () is a genus of trees and shrubs commonly known as maples. The genus is placed in the family Sapindaceae.Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008 nd more or less continuously updated since http ... trees and are occasional nuisance pests around homes. In North America, ''Boisea trivittata'' is native to most of the continental United States, excluding California. ''B ...
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Boisea Trivittata
The boxelder bug (''Boisea trivittata'') is a North American species of true bug. It is found primarily on boxelder trees, as well as maple and ash trees.Boxelder Bugs
University of Minnesota Extension
The adults are about long with a dark brown or black coloration, relieved by red wing veins and markings on the abdomen; are bright red. In 2020, this species invaded Chile, thus becoming an .


Etymology

Trivittata is from the Latin ''tri'' (three) + ''vittata'' (banded).


Biology and taxonomy

Boxelder b ...
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Box Elder Bug
The boxelder bug (''Boisea trivittata'') is a North American species of true bug. It is found primarily on boxelder trees, as well as maple and ash trees.Boxelder Bugs
University of Minnesota Extension
The adults are about long with a dark brown or black coloration, relieved by red wing veins and markings on the abdomen; are bright red. In 2020, this species invaded Chile, thus becoming an .


Etymology

Trivittata is from the Latin ''tri'' (three) + ''vittata'' (banded).


Biology and taxonomy

Boxelder b ...
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Boisea Rubrolineata
''Boisea rubrolineata'' or the western boxelder bug is identical to the boxelder bug aside from having prominent red veins on its corium. It is found in western North America. Adults are 9-13 mm in length. The thorax and wings are black with red lines, and the abdomen is red. Nymphs are bright red and gray. Both nymphs and adults feed on boxelder. In fall and winter, adults might be noted migrating indoors to hibernate Hibernation is a state of minimal activity and metabolic depression undergone by some animal species. Hibernation is a seasonal heterothermy characterized by low body-temperature, slow breathing and heart-rate, and low metabolic rate. It most .... References Insects of North America Insects described in 1956 Serinethinae {{Coreoidea-stub ...
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Serinethinae
Serinethinae is a subfamily of the hemipteran family Rhopalidae, sometimes known as soapberry bugs.
2007 Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, December 9–12, 2007.
They are brightly colored seed-eaters, comprising three and about sixty-five . These bugs are specialists on plants in the soapberry family (), which includes s,
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Serinethinae
Serinethinae is a subfamily of the hemipteran family Rhopalidae, sometimes known as soapberry bugs.
2007 Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, December 9–12, 2007.
They are brightly colored seed-eaters, comprising three and about sixty-five . These bugs are specialists on plants in the soapberry family (), which includes s,
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George Willis Kirkaldy
George Willis Kirkaldy (1873 – February 2, 1910) was an English entomologist who specialised on Hemiptera. He was a Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society from 1893. Kirkaldy, born in Clapham, in Greater London to W. H. Kirkaldy of Wimbledon was educated in England. Even at school in London he showed an interest in natural history and was appointed curator of the school museum. As a young boy he joined a debating club and spoke on the colouration of insects. He later went to Hawaii in 1903 to work for the United States Department of Agriculture then for the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Experimental Station. While in Honolulu he had a riding accident which resulted in his fracturing his leg at five places. This injury never healed and his death in 1910 at San Francisco, California followed five days after the last of several surgery attempts to fix it. Kirkaldy was the author of the 1906 ''Leafhoppers and their Natural Enemies. Pt IX. Leafhoppers - Hemiptera'' (''B ...
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Vicariance
Allopatric speciation () – also referred to as geographic speciation, vicariant speciation, or its earlier name the dumbbell model – is a mode of speciation that occurs when biological populations become geographically isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with gene flow. Various geographic changes can arise such as the movement of continents, and the formation of mountains, islands, bodies of water, or glaciers. Human activity such as agriculture or developments can also change the distribution of species populations. These factors can substantially alter a region's geography, resulting in the separation of a species population into isolated subpopulations. The vicariant populations then undergo genetic changes as they become subjected to different selective pressures, experience genetic drift, and accumulate different mutations in the separated populations' gene pools. The barriers prevent the exchange of genetic information between ...
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Maple
''Acer'' () is a genus of trees and shrubs commonly known as maples. The genus is placed in the family Sapindaceae.Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008 nd more or less continuously updated since http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/. There are approximately 132 species, most of which are native to Asia, with a number also appearing in Europe, northern Africa, and North America. Only one species, ''Acer laurinum'', extends to the Southern Hemisphere.Gibbs, D. & Chen, Y. (2009The Red List of Maples Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) The type species of the genus is the sycamore maple, '' Acer pseudoplatanus'', the most common maple species in Europe.van Gelderen, C. J. & van Gelderen, D. M. (1999). ''Maples for Gardens: A Color Encyclopedia'' Maples usually have easily recognizable palmate leaves ('' Acer negundo'' is an exception) and distinctive winged fruits. The closest relatives of the maples are the horse c ...
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Pentatomomorpha Genera
The Pentatomomorpha comprise an infraorder of insects in the true bug order Hemiptera. It unites such animals as the stink bugs (Pentatomidae), flat bugs (Aradidae), seed bugs (Lygaeidae and Rhyparochromidae), etc. They are closely related to the Cimicomorpha. Based on the fossil morphology, the common ancestor of Pentatomomorpha must be older than the fossils in the late Triassic. They play an important role in agriculture and forestry industries and they are also used as controlling agents in studies. Systematics Five superfamilies are usually placed in the Pentatomomorpha. The Aradoidea represent the most basal extant lineage, while the others, often united as clade Trichophora, are more modern: * Aradoidea Brullé, 1836 * Coreoidea Leach, 1815 * Lygaeoidea Schilling, 1829 * Pentatomoidea Leach, 1815 * Pyrrhocoroidea Amyot & Serville, 1843 Among these, the Pentatomoidea seem to represent a by and large monophyletic lineage as traditionally understood, while the other thr ...
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Hemiptera Of North America
Hemiptera (; ) is an order of insects, commonly called true bugs, comprising over 80,000 species within groups such as the cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, assassin bugs, bed bugs, and shield bugs. They range in size from to around , and share a common arrangement of piercing-sucking mouthparts. The name "true bugs" is often limited to the suborder Heteroptera. Entomologists reserve the term ''bug'' for Hemiptera or Heteroptera,Gilbert Waldbauer. ''The Handy Bug Answer Book.'' Visible Ink, 1998p. 1. which does not include other arthropods or insects of other orders such as ants, bees, beetles, or butterflies. In some variations of English, all terrestrial arthropods (including non-insect arachnids, and myriapods) also fall under the colloquial understanding of ''bug''. Many insects with "bug" in their common name, especially in American English, belong to other orders; for example, the lovebug is a fly and the Maybug and ladybug are beetles. The term is also occa ...
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