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Battle Of Virden
The Battle of Virden, also known as the Virden Mine Riot and Virden Massacre, was a labor union conflict and a racial conflict in central Illinois that occurred on October 12, 1898. After a United Mine Workers of America local struck a mine in Virden, Illinois, the Chicago-Virden Coal Company hired armed detectives or security guards to accompany African-American strikebreakers to start production again. An armed conflict broke out when the train carrying these men arrived at Virden. Strikers were also armed: a total of five detective/security guards and eight striking mine workers were killed, with five guards and more than thirty miners wounded. In addition, at least one black strikebreaker on the train was wounded. The engineer was shot in the arm. This was one of several fatal conflicts in the area at the turn of the century that reflected both labor union tension and racial violence. Virden, at this point, became a sundown town, and most black miners were expelled from Macoupi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Virden, Illinois
Virden is a city in Macoupin and Sangamon counties in the U.S. state of Illinois. The population was 3,425 at the 2010 census, and 3,354 at a 2018 estimate. The Macoupin County portion of Virden is part of the St. Louis, Missouri–Illinois Metropolitan Statistical Area, while the Sangamon County portion is part of the Springfield Metropolitan Statistical Area. Virden was the scene of an 1898 coal miners' strike, during which Mary Harris "Mother" Jones played a major role. Geography Virden is located at (39.504, -89.768). Most of the city lies in Macoupin County, with a small portion extending into Sangamon County. In the 2000 census, 3,378 of the city's 3,488 residents (96.8%) lived in Macoupin County and 110 (3.2%) lived in Sangamon County. According to the 2010 census, Virden has a total area of , all land. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 3,488 people, 1,455 households, and 934 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Racial Segregation In The United States
In the United States, racial segregation is the systematic separation of facilities and services such as Housing in the United States, housing, Healthcare in the United States, healthcare, Education in the United States, education, Employment in the United States, employment, and transportation in the United States, transportation on Race in the United States, racial grounds. The term is mainly used in reference to the legally or socially enforced separation of African Americans from White people, whites, but it is also used in reference to the separation of other ethnic minorities from majority and mainstream communities. While mainly referring to the physical separation and provision of separate facilities, it can also refer to other manifestations such as prohibitions against interracial marriage (enforced with anti-miscegenation laws), and the separation of roles within an institution. Notably, in the Military of the United States, United States Armed Forces up until Executive ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1898 Labor Disputes And Strikes
Events January–March * January 1 – New York City annexes land from surrounding counties, creating the City of Greater New York as the world's second largest. The city is geographically divided into five boroughs: Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, The Bronx and Staten Island. * January 13 – Novelist Émile Zola's open letter to the President of the French Republic on the Dreyfus affair, ''J'Accuse…!'', is published on the front page of the Paris daily newspaper ''L'Aurore'', accusing the government of wrongfully imprisoning Alfred Dreyfus and of antisemitism. * February 12 – The automobile belonging to Henry Lindfield of Brighton rolls out of control down a hill in Purley, London, England, and hits a tree; thus he becomes the world's first fatality from an automobile accident on a public highway. * February 15 – Spanish–American War: The USS ''Maine'' explodes and sinks in Havana Harbor, Cuba, for reasons never fully established, killing 266 me ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Incidents Of Civil Unrest In The United States
Listed are major episodes of civil unrest in the United States. This list does not include the numerous incidents of destruction and violence associated with various sporting events. 18th century *1783 – Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, June 20. Anti-government protest by soldiers of the Continental Army against the Congress of the Confederation, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania * 1786 – Shays' Rebellion, August 29, 1786 – February 3, 1787, Western Massachusetts * 1786 – Paper Money Riot, September 20, Exeter, New Hampshire * 1788 – Doctors Mob Riot, New York City * 1791–1794 – Whiskey Rebellion, Western Pennsylvania (anti-excise tax on whiskey) * 1799 – Fries's Rebellion, 1799–1800, Tax revolt by Pennsylvania Dutch farmers, Pennsylvania 19th century 1800–1849 * 1812 – Baltimore riots, these took place shortly before the War of 1812 * 1824 – Hard Scrabble and Snow Town Riots, 1824 & 1831 respectively, Providence, RI * 1829 – Cincinnati riots of 1829 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Battles Fought In Illinois
This is an incomplete list of all military confrontations that have occurred within the boundaries of the modern U.S. State of Illinois since European contact. {, class="wikitable sortable" !Name!!Date!!Location!!War!!Result!!Dead!!Belligerents , - , Battle for Grand Kaskaskia , September 18, 1680 , Near Present-day Ottawa, Illinois , Beaver Wars , Iroquois Victory , ~880 , and Tamaroa vs Iroquois , - , Siege of Fox Fort , August–September 1730 , Present-day McLean County, Illinois , Fox Wars , French and Allied Victory , ~500 , and Native Allies vs Fox , - , Capture of Fort Gage , July 5, 1778 , Present-day Kaskaskia, Illinois , American Revolutionary War , US Victory , 0 , vs , - , Battle of St. Louis , May 25, 1780 , Present-day Cahokia, Illinois and St. Louis, Missouri , Anglo-Spanish War , Spanish/US Victory , 25+ , and vs and Indian Nations , - , Battle of Fort Dearborn , August 15, 1812 , Present-day Chicago, Illinois , War of 1812 , Potawatomi Victory , 67 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Murder Of Workers In Labor Disputes In The United States
The following list of worker deaths in United States labor disputes captures known incidents of fatal labor-related violence in U.S. labor history, which began in the colonial era with the earliest worker demands around 1636 for better working conditions. It does not include killings of enslaved persons. According to a study in 1969, the United States has had the bloodiest and most violent labor history of any industrial nation in the world, and there have been few industries which have been immune.Philip Taft and Philip Ross, "American Labor Violence: Its Causes, Character, and Outcome," The History of Violence in America: A Report to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, ed. Hugh Davis Graham and Ted Robert Gurr, 1969. This list is not comprehensive. A number of factors (multi-sided conflicts, physically remote locations, company-controlled locations, exaggerated or biased original reporting, etc.) make some of the death and injury counts uncertain. I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lynching Of F
Lynching is an extrajudicial killing by a group. It is most often used to characterize informal public executions by a mob in order to punish an alleged transgressor, punish a convicted transgressor, or intimidate people. It can also be an extreme form of informal group social control, and it is often conducted with the display of a public spectacle (often in the form of a hanging) for maximum intimidation. Instances of lynchings and similar mob violence can be found in every society. In the United States, where the word for "lynching" likely originated, lynchings of African Americans became frequent in the South during the period after the Reconstruction era The Reconstruction era was a period in American history following the American Civil War (1861–1865) and lasting until approximately the Compromise of 1877. During Reconstruction, attempts were made to rebuild the country after the bloo ..., especially during the nadir of American race relations. Etymology ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cambria, Illinois
Cambria is a village in northwestern Williamson County, Illinois, United States. The population was 1,228 at the 2010 census. History Cambria was established in the early 1900s by brothers Tom and Evan John, owners of the Carterville and Big Muddy Coal Company, which had opened a mine in the area around 1904. The community was originally known as Lauder, but was changed to Cambria, the old Latin name for Wales, from which the John brothers hailed. A post office known as Reeves opened in 1905, but its name was changed to Cambria in 1911.Barbara Barr Hubbs,Cambria History" Williamson County Illinois Historical Society website. Accessed 13 June 2021. Geography Cambria is located at (37.783054, -89.118533). According to the 2010 census, Cambria has a total area of , of which (or 96.94%) is land and (or 3.06%) is water. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 1,330 people, 564 households, and 367 families residing in the village. The population density was . There ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Riley Tanner
John Riley Tanner (April 4, 1844 – May 23, 1901) was the 21st Governor of Illinois, from 1897 until 1901. Tanner was the first governor in the country to be openly neutral in labor disputes, gaining national notoriety for his actions in a series of coal mine disputes. With the Spanish–American War looming, he was the only governor to raise and combat-equip a National Guard unit of African American soldiers led by African American officers. Tanner's administration was capable and efficient, placing the state on a sound financial footing and passing significant legislation. However, he was constantly at odds with Chicago's political leaders, both Democratic and Republican, a feud that came to be symbolized by his signing of the infamous "Allen bill", which gave control of Chicago's intra-city transportation network to corrupt financier Charles Yerkes. Tanner declined to seek a second term as governor, instead choosing to oppose the renomination of his former political ally, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carterville Mine Riot
The Carterville Mine Riot was part of the turn-of-the-century Illinois coal wars in the United States. The national United Mine Workers of America The United Mine Workers of America (UMW or UMWA) is a North American Labor history of the United States, labor union best known for representing coal miners. Today, the Union also represents health care workers, truck drivers, manufacturing worke ... coal strike of 1897 was officially settled for Illinois District 12 in January 1898, with the vast majority of operators accepting the union terms: thirty-six to forty cents per ton (depending on the county), an 8-hour day, and union recognition. However, several mine owners in Carterville, Virden, and Pana, refused or abrogated. They attempted to run with African-American strikebreakers from Alabama and Tennessee. At the same time, lynching and racial exclusion were increasingly practiced by local white mining communities. Racial segregation was enforced within and among UMWA-orga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pana Massacre
The Pana riot, or Pana massacre, was a coal mining labor conflict and also a racial conflict that occurred on April 10, 1899, in Pana, Illinois, and resulted in the deaths of seven people. It was one of many similar labor conflicts in the coal mining regions of Illinois that occurred in 1898 and 1899. The United Mine Workers of America had called a strike that affected numerous mines; mine owners retaliated by hiring guards and some 300 African-American miners from Alabama to serve as strikebreakers. After a confrontation in which a white union miner was killed, the miners turned on black strikebreakers, believing them responsible. Two whites were killed in the violence and five blacks, with another six African Americans wounded. Background Striking white miners had been out of work for nearly a year when the Overholt brothers, part owners of one of the four Pana mines, went to Alabama to recruit African-American "scab" labor (strikebreakers) in an effort to re-open the mines. Pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reparations (transitional Justice)
Reparations are broadly understood as compensation given for an abuse or injury. The colloquial meaning of reparations has changed substantively over the last century. In the early 1900s, reparations were interstate exchanges (see war reparations) that were punitive mechanisms determined by treaty and paid by the surrendering side of conflict, such as the World War I reparations paid by Germany and its allies. Reparations are now understood as not only war damages but also compensation and other measures provided to victims of severe human rights violations by the parties responsible. The right of the victim of an injury to receive reparations and the duty of the part responsible to provide them has been secured by the United Nations. In transitional justice, reparations are measures taken by the state to redress gross and systematic violations of human rights law or humanitarian law through the administration of some form of compensation or restitution to the victims. Of all the m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
