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Asch Conformity Experiments
In psychology, the Asch conformity experiments or the Asch paradigm were a series of studies directed by Solomon Asch studying if and how individuals yielded to or defied a majority (sociology), majority group and the effect of such influences on beliefs and opinions.Asch, S.E. (1952b). "Social psychology". Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall. Developed in the 1950s, the methodology remains in use by many researchers. Uses include the study of conformity effects of Conformity#Different stimuli, task importance, Conformity#Age, age, Conformity#Gender, sex, and Conformity#Culture, culture. Initial conformity experiment Rationale Many early studies in social psychology were adaptations of earlier work on "suggestibility" whereby researchers such as Edward Thorndike, Edward L. Thorndyke were able to shift the preferences of adult subjects towards majority or expert opinion. Still the question remained as to whether subject opinions were actually able to be changed, or if such exp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. Psychology includes the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena, including feelings and thoughts. It is an academic discipline of immense scope, crossing the boundaries between the natural and social sciences. Psychologists seek an understanding of the emergent properties of brains, linking the discipline to neuroscience. As social scientists, psychologists aim to understand the behavior of individuals and groups.Fernald LD (2008)''Psychology: Six perspectives'' (pp.12–15). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Hockenbury & Hockenbury. Psychology. Worth Publishers, 2010. Ψ (''psi''), the first letter of the Greek word ''psyche'' from which the term psychology is derived (see below), is commonly associated with the science. A professional practitioner or researcher involved in the discipline is called a psychologist. Some psychologists can also be classified as behavioral or cognitive scientists. Some ps ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Influence
Social influence comprises the ways in which individuals adjust their behavior to meet the demands of a social environment. It takes many forms and can be seen in conformity, socialization, peer pressure, obedience, leadership, persuasion, sales, and marketing. Typically social influence results from a specific action, command, or request, but people also alter their attitudes and behaviors in response to what they perceive others might do or think. In 1958, Harvard psychologist Herbert Kelman identified three broad varieties of social influence. #Compliance is when people appear to agree with others but actually keep their dissenting opinions private. # Identification is when people are influenced by someone who is liked and respected, such as a famous celebrity. #Internalization is when people accept a belief or behavior and agree both publicly and privately. Morton Deutsch and Harold Gerard described two psychological needs that lead humans to conform to the expectations of o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Group Processes
Group dynamics is a system of behaviors and psychological processes occurring within a social group (''intra''group dynamics), or between social groups ( ''inter''group dynamics). The study of group dynamics can be useful in understanding decision-making behaviour, tracking the spread of diseases in society, creating effective therapy techniques, and following the emergence and popularity of new ideas and technologies. These applications of the field are studied in psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science, epidemiology, education, social work, leadership studies, business and managerial studies, as well as communication studies. History The history of group dynamics (or group processes) has a consistent, underlying premise: 'the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.' A social group is an entity that has qualities which cannot be understood just by studying the individuals that make up the group. In 1924, Gestalt psychologist Max Wertheimer proposed ‘There are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1956 In Science
The year 1956 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Biology * March – Denham Harman proposes the free-radical theory of aging. * Wesley K. Whitten reports developing eight-cell mouse ova to blastocyst stage ''in vitro''. Climatology * May – Gilbert Plass publishes his seminal article "The Carbon Dioxide Theory of Climate Change". Computer science * July 13 – John McCarthy (Dartmouth), Marvin Minsky (MIT), Claude Shannon (Bell Labs) and Nathaniel Rochester (IBM) assemble the first coordinated research meeting on the topic of artificial intelligence, at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, in the United States. * September 13 – The hard disk drive is invented by an IBM team led by Reynold B. Johnson. * TX-0 transistorized computer completed at MIT Lincoln Laboratory in the United States. Mathematics * February 1 – Joseph Kruskal publishes Kruskal's algorithm. * December – Martin Gardner begins his ''Mathematical Games'' c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1955 In Science
The year 1955 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed below. Astronomy and space sciences * January 8 – Penumbral lunar eclipse. * June – Fred Hoyle and Martin Schwarzschild describe the mechanism for the creation of red giant stars. * June 5 – Penumbral lunar eclipse. * June 20 – Total solar eclipse of 7 min 8 sec duration, the longest between the 11th and 22nd centuries, visible in Southeast Asia. During the entire Second Millennium, only seven such eclipses exceed seven minutes of totality. * August – The United States Department of Defense approves Project Vanguard to launch a satellite. * November 29 – Partial lunar eclipse. * December 14 – Annular solar eclipse. * Jan Oort confirms that polarized light from the Crab Nebula is produced by synchrotron radiation."1955". ''Houghton Mifflin Guide to Science & Technology''. Biochemistry * February 26 – Rosalind Franklin publishes her observation that tobacco mosaic virus rods ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1951 In Science
The year 1951 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Biology * Nesting pairs of the Bermuda petrel, thought to have been extinct for more than 300 years, are found. * Niko Tinbergen publishes ''The Study of Instinct''. Chemistry * May 28 – Oliver H. Lowry submits his Lowry protein assay procedure for publication. * October 15 – The progestin norethisterone, significant in creation of the combined oral contraceptive pill, is synthesized by Carl Djerassi, Luis E. Miramontes and George Rosenkranz at Syntex in Mexico City. Computer science * February – Ferranti deliver their first Mark 1 computer to the University of Manchester (UK). It is the world's first commercially available general-purpose electronic computer. * March 30 – Remington Rand delivers the first UNIVAC I computer to the United States Census Bureau. It is inaugurated on June 14. * May 5 – The Ferranti NIMROD computer is presented at the Science Museum (London) during the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Self-determination Theory
Self-determination theory (SDT) is a macro theory of human motivation and personality that concerns people's innate growth tendencies and innate psychological needs. It pertains to the motivation behind people's choices in the absence of external influences and distractions. SDT focuses on the degree to which human behavior is self-motivated and self-determined. In the 1970s, research on SDT evolved from studies comparing intrinsic and extrinsic motives, and from growing understanding of the dominant role that intrinsic motivation played in individual behavior.e.g. Lepper, M. K., Greene, D., & Nisbett, R. (1973). Undermining children's intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward: A test of the "overjustification" hypothesis. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''28'', 129–137. It was not until the mid-1980s Edward L. Deci and Richard Ryan wrote a book titled "''Self-Determination and Intrinsic Motivation in Human Behavior''" that SDT was formally introduced a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stanford Prison Experiment
The Stanford prison experiment (SPE) was a psychological experiment conducted in the summer of 1971. It was a two-week simulation of a prison environment that examined the effects of situational variables on participants' reactions and behaviors. Stanford University psychology professor Philip Zimbardo led the research team who administered the study. Participants were recruited from the local community with an ad in the newspapers offering $15 per day to male students who wanted to participate in a "psychological study of prison life." Volunteers were chosen after assessments of psychological stability, and then randomly assigned to being prisoners or prison guards. Critics have questioned the validity of these methods. Those volunteers selected to be "guards" were given uniforms specifically to de-individuate them, and instructed to prevent prisoners from escaping. The experiment officially started when "prisoners" were arrested by real Palo Alto police. Over the followin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Milgram Experiment
The Milgram experiment(s) on obedience to authority figures were a series of social psychology experiments conducted by Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram. They measured the willingness of study participants, 40 men in the age range of 20 to 50 from a diverse range of occupations with varying levels of education, to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts conflicting with their personal conscience. Participants were led to believe that they were assisting an unrelated experiment, in which they had to administer electric shocks to a "learner". These fake electric shocks gradually increased to levels that would have been fatal had they been real. The experiment found, unexpectedly, that a very high proportion of subjects would fully obey the instructions, with every participant going up to 300 volts, and 65% going up to the full 450 volts. Milgram first described his research in a 1963 article in the '' Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ingroups And Outgroups
In sociology and social psychology, an in-group is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member. By contrast, an out-group is a social group with which an individual does not identify. People may for example identify with their peer group, family, community, sports team, political party, gender, sexual orientation, religion, or nation. It has been found that the psychological membership of social groups and categories is associated with a wide variety of phenomena. The terminology was made popular by Henri Tajfel and colleagues beginning in the 1970s during his work in formulating social identity theory. The significance of in-group and out-group categorization was identified using a method called the minimal group paradigm. Tajfel and colleagues found that people can form self-preferencing in-groups within a matter of minutes and that such groups can form even on the basis of completely arbitrary and invented discriminatory characteristics, su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alex Haslam
S. Alexander (Alex) Haslam (born 1962) is a professor of psychology and ARC Australian Laureate Fellow in the School of Psychology at the University of Queensland. His research focuses on areas of social psychology, organisational psychology and health psychology, exploring issues of stereotyping and prejudice, tyranny and resistance, leadership and power, stress and well-being. This work is informed by, and has contributed to the development of, theory and ideas relating to the social identity approach. Career Haslam grew up in Elsenham, Essex and completed his secondary education at Felsted School. He holds a Master of Arts (MA) degree from the University of St Andrews and a PhD from Macquarie University (Sydney). His doctoral work at Macquarie was supervised by John Turner (psychologist) and funded by a Commonwealth Scholarship. This was preceded by a year as a Robert T Jones scholar at Emory University (Atlanta). Prior to his current appointment at the University of Queensla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Self-categorization Theory
Self-categorization theory is a theory in social psychology that describes the circumstances under which a person will perceive collections of people (including themselves) as a group, as well as the consequences of perceiving people in group terms. Although the theory is often introduced as an explanation of psychological group formation (which was one of its early goals), it is more accurately thought of as general analysis of the functioning of categorization processes in social perception and interaction that speaks to issues of individual identity as much as group phenomena. It was developed by John Turner and colleagues, and along with social identity theory it is a constituent part of the social identity approach. It was in part developed to address questions that arose in response to social identity theory about the mechanistic underpinnings of social identification. Haslam, A. S. (2001). Psychology in Organizations. London, SAGE Publications. Self-categorization theory ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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