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Antia (gens)
The gens Antia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. The Antii emerged at the end of the second century BC, and were of little importance during the Republic, but they continued into the third century, obtaining the consulship in AD 94 and 105.''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. I, p. 184 (" Antia Gens").Livy, iv. 17. Origin The Antii were possibly from Lanuvium, as one member of the gens minted coins with the heads of the Penates, who were first worshipped in that city. The Antii also claimed descent from Hercules through his son Antiades. Cicero and Livy tell that a Spurius Antius was one of four Roman ambassadors put to death by Lars Tolumnius, the king of Veii, in 438 BC''.'' However, modern scholars prefer to amend the name to Nautius, borne by several magistrates in the 5th century.Broughton, ''Magistrates'', vol. I, p. 58 (note 2).Ogilvie, ''Commentary on Livy'', p. 559. Praenomina The Antii used the praenomina '' Spurius'', '' Marcu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plebeian
In ancient Rome, the plebeians (also called plebs) were the general body of free Roman citizens who were not patricians, as determined by the census, or in other words " commoners". Both classes were hereditary. Etymology The precise origins of the group and the term are unclear, but may be related to the Greek, ''plēthos'', meaning masses. In Latin, the word is a singular collective noun, and its genitive is . Plebeians were not a monolithic social class. Those who resided in the city and were part of the four urban tribes are sometimes called the , while those who lived in the country and were part of the 31 smaller rural tribes are sometimes differentiated by using the label . (List of Roman tribes) In ancient Rome In the annalistic tradition of Livy and Dionysius, the distinction between patricians and plebeians was as old as Rome itself, instituted by Romulus' appointment of the first hundred senators, whose descendants became the patriciate. Modern hypotheses date ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spurius (praenomen)
Spurius () is a Latin ''praenomen'', or personal name, which was used primarily during the period of the Roman Republic, and which fell into disuse in imperial times. It was used by both patrician and plebeian families, and gave rise to the patronymic ''gens Spurilia''. The feminine form is ''Spuria''. The name was originally abbreviated S., as it was the most common praenomen beginning with that letter; but, as it grew less common, it was sometimes abbreviated Sp. For most of the Roman Republic, Spurius was about the ninth most-common praenomen. Although used by a minority of families, it was favored by many, including the ''gentes Carvilia, Cassia, Furia, Nautia, Papiria, Postumia, Servilia'', and ''Veturia''. It was most common during the early centuries of the Republic, and gradually declined in popularity until it all but disappeared during the 1st century AD. Origin and meaning of the name The actual meaning of Spurius is unproven. The name was used by the Etruscans in the fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marcus Antius Crescens Calpurnianus
Marcus Antius Crescens Calpurnianus was a Roman senator, who held several offices, including acting governor of Roman Britain in the late second century AD, and as one of the ''quindecimviri sacris faciundis'' present at the Secular Games of 204. An approximate chronology of his career can be established. Two inscriptions found in Ostia attest to Calpurnianus present in that city as ''pontifex Volcani'' in the years 194 and 195. A fragmentary inscription from Rome attests that after serving as praetor he officially served as '' juridicus'' in Britain when he had to replace an unnamed consular, then after his election to the ''quindecimviri sacris faciundis'' the sortition awarded him the office of proconsular governor of Macedonia. Birley notes that most experts date Calpurnianus' tenure as acting governor to about 200 "on the death or sudden disappearance of Virius Lupus." However, there is no firm basis to presume he was elected to the ''quindecimviri'' in 204, nor that the two o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gaius Antius Aulus Julius Quadratus
Gaius Antius Aulus Julius Quadratus (fl. 1st and 2nd centuries) was a Roman senator from Pergamon, who was appointed consul twice, in AD 94 and then in AD 105, the first senator from the Eastern Mediterranean to achieve the ordinary consulship. Biography Born in Pergamon, probably in the early 50s, Aulus Julius Quadratus was the son of Aulus, and a wealthy patron of the city;Longenecker, p. 160 his sister was named Julia Polla.Olli Salomies, ''Adoptive and polyonymous nomenclature in the Roman Empire'' (Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1992), p. 31 Ronald Syme believed he was related to the general Gaius Julius Quadratus Bassus, although Quadratus was a member of the Roman tribe Voltina and Bassus belonged to the tribe Fabia. Olli Salomies has argued his family came from Gallia Narbonensis, while Weisser says that he was descended from the Attalid dynasty and the kings of Galatia. Adlected ''inter praetorios'' (or with praetorian rank) into the Senate by the emperor Vespa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lucius Cassius Longinus Ravilla
Lucius Cassius Longinus Ravilla was a Roman politician. He served as consul in 127 BC and censor at the following lustrum in 125 BC. His first recorded office was that of tribune of the plebs in 137 BC. As a tribune of the plebs, he successfully proposed in the ''concilium plebis'' a law to introduce secret ballot for all trials before the Assemblies except those related to ''perduellio'' (treason); the bill was supported by Scipio Aemilianus but opposed by the then-consul Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Porcina and his tribunician colleague Marcus Antius Briso. He served in the praetorship some time before 130 BC, and was elected to the consulship for 127 BC with Lucius Cornelius Cinna. After his consulship, he was elected as censor for 125 BC with Gnaeus Servilius Caepio; during their censorship, they constructed the Aqua Tepula and named Publius Cornelius Lentulus as ''princeps senatus''. He was renowned for severity as a iudex and gained fame for for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ballot Laws Of The Roman Republic
The ballot laws of the Roman Republic (Latin: ''leges tabellariae'') were four laws which introduced the secret ballot to all popular assemblies in the Republic.Yakobson (1995), p. 426. They were all introduced by tribunes, and consisted of the ''lex Gabinia tabellaria'' (or ''lex Gabinia'') of 139 BC, applying to the election of magistrates; the ''lex Cassia tabellaria'' of 137 BC, applying to juries except in cases of treason; the ''lex Papiria'' of 131 BC, applying to the passing of laws; and the ''lex Caelia'' of 107 BC, which expanded the ''lex Cassia'' to include matters of treason. Prior to the ballot laws, voters announced their votes orally to a teller, essentially making every vote public. The ballot laws curtailed the influence of the aristocratic class and expanded the freedom of choice for voters. Elections became more competitive.Yakobson (1995), p. 437. In short, the secret ballot made bribery more difficult.Yakobson (1995), p. 441. Background Political conte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gaul
Gaul ( la, Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first described by the Romans. It was inhabited by Celtic and Aquitani tribes, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, most of Switzerland, parts of Northern Italy (only during Republican era, Cisalpina was annexed in 42 BC to Roman Italy), and Germany west of the Rhine. It covered an area of . According to Julius Caesar, Gaul was divided into three parts: Gallia Celtica, Belgica, and Aquitania. Archaeologically, the Gauls were bearers of the La Tène culture, which extended across all of Gaul, as well as east to Raetia, Noricum, Pannonia, and southwestern Germania during the 5th to 1st centuries BC. During the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, Gaul fell under Roman rule: Gallia Cisalpina was conquered in 204 BC and Gallia Narbonensis in 123 BC. Gaul was invaded after 120 BC by the Cimbri and the Teutons, who were in turn defeated by the Romans by 103 BC. Julius Caesar finally subdued the remaining parts of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Census
A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring, recording and calculating information about the members of a given population. This term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses; other common censuses include censuses of agriculture, traditional culture, business, supplies, and traffic censuses. The United Nations (UN) defines the essential features of population and housing censuses as "individual enumeration, universality within a defined territory, simultaneity and defined periodicity", and recommends that population censuses be taken at least every ten years. UN recommendations also cover census topics to be collected, official definitions, classifications and other useful information to co-ordinate international practices. The UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), in turn, defines the census of agriculture as "a statistical operation for collecting, processing and disseminating data on the structure of agriculture, covering th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Triumvirate
The Second Triumvirate was an extraordinary commission and magistracy created for Mark Antony, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, and Octavian to give them practically absolute power. It was formally constituted by law on 27 November 43 BC with a term of five years; it was renewed in 37 BC for another five years before expiring in 32 BC. Constituted by the ''lex Titia'', the triumvirs were given broad powers to make or repeal legislation, issue judicial punishments without due process or right of appeal, and appoint all other magistrates. The triumvirs also split the Roman world into three sets of provinces. The triumvirate, formed in the aftermath of a conflict between Antony and the senate, emerged as a force to reassert Caesarian control over the western provinces and wage war on the ''liberatores'' led by the men who assassinated Julius Caesar. After proscriptions, purging the senatorial and equestrian orders, and a brutal civil war, the ''liberatores'' were defea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Triumvir Monetalis
The ''triumvir monetalis'' ( ''tresviri'' or ''triumviri monetales'', also called the , abbreviated IIIVIR A. A. A. F. F.) was a moneyer during the Roman Republic and the Empire, who oversaw the minting of coins. In that role, he would be responsible for the "ordinary coinage" during the republican period (contrasted to extraordinary coinage, usually minted by other magistrates, done on an ''ad hoc'' basis). Roman moneyers almost always acted together as a board of three, hence their title ''triumvir''. Over the course of the late Republic from 139 BC onwards, the moneyers started to mint more personalised coins which advertised their lineages, achievements of ancestors, and other leaders. From Caesar's dictatorship onwards, however, their freedom to do so diminished, before the empire's emergence coincided with the minting only of coins depicting the emperor and the imperial family. The office continued into the imperial period as an administrative post. Duties and select ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tribune Of The Plebs
Tribune of the plebs, tribune of the people or plebeian tribune ( la, tribunus plebis) was the first office of the Roman Republic, Roman state that was open to the plebs, plebeians, and was, throughout the history of the Republic, the most important check on the power of the Roman Senate and Roman magistrate, magistrates. These tribunes had the power to convene and preside over the ''Plebeian Council, Concilium Plebis'' (people's assembly); to summon the senate; to propose legislation; and to intervene on behalf of plebeians in legal matters; but the most significant power was to veto the actions of the Roman consul, consuls and other magistrates, thus protecting the interests of the plebeians as a class. The tribunes of the plebs were sacrosanct, meaning that any assault on their person was punishable by death. In Roman Empire, imperial times, the powers of the tribunate were granted to the Roman emperor, emperor as a matter of course, and the office itself lost its independence a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gaius Antius Restio (tribune Of The Plebs 68 BC)
Gaius Antius Restio () was a politician of the Roman Republic. He is principally known for the ''lex Antia sumptuaria'', a law against luxury he passed as tribune of the plebs in 68 BC. This law forbade magistrates from attending banquets, in an attempt to contain political corruption. One of the few sources on Restio's life is a poem of his contemporary Catullus, telling that he was an enemy of Publius Sestius, a politician and good friend of Cicero. Life Restio was a ''homo novus'' ("new man"), the first of his family to enter the Senate. He belonged to an obscure plebeian ''gens'', which only emerged in the second half of the second century BC, with a Marcus Antius Briso, tribune of the plebs in 137. Like several other Roman families inventing mythical origins, the Antii claimed descent from Hercules through his son Antiades. Modern scholars have suggested they came from Minturnae, or Lanuvium, both Latin cities south of Rome. ''Lex Antia'' (68 BC) Between 8 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
