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Anti-vaccine Activism
Anti-vaccine activism, also called the "anti-vax" movement, is organized activity designed to increase vaccine hesitancy, often by disseminating misinformation or disinformation. Although myths, conspiracy theories, misinformation and disinformation spread by the anti-vaccination movement and fringe doctors increases vaccine hesitancy and public debates around the medical, ethical, and legal issues related to vaccines, there is no serious hesitancy or debate within mainstream medical and scientific circles about the benefits of vaccination. 18th and 19th century Ideas that would eventually coalesce into anti-vaccine activism have existed for longer than vaccines themselves. Some philosophical approaches (e.g. homeopathy, vitalism) are incompatible with the microbiological paradigm that explains how the immune system and vaccines work. Vaccine hesitancy and anti-vaccine activism exist within a broader context that involves cultural tradition, religious belief, approaches to health ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anti-vaccination Conspiracy Theorist At A Tea Party Express Rally (4504044588)
Vaccine hesitancy is a delay in acceptance, or refusal, of vaccines despite the availability of vaccine services and supporting evidence. The term covers refusals to vaccinate, delaying vaccines, accepting vaccines but remaining uncertain about their use, or using certain vaccines but not others. The scientific consensus that vaccines are generally safe and effective is overwhelming. Vaccine hesitancy often results in disease outbreaks and deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases. Therefore, the World Health Organization characterizes vaccine hesitancy as one of the top ten global health threats. "Anti-vaccinationism" refers to total opposition to vaccination; in more recent years, anti-vaccinationists have been known as "anti-vaxxers" or "anti-vax". Vaccine hesitancy is complex and context-specific, varying across time, place and vaccines. It can be influenced by factors such as lack of proper scientifically based knowledge and understanding about how vaccines are made or work ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edward Jenner
Edward Jenner, (17 May 1749 – 26 January 1823) was a British physician and scientist who pioneered the concept of vaccines, and created the smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine. The terms ''vaccine'' and ''vaccination'' are derived from ''Variolae vaccinae'' ('pustules of the cow'), the term devised by Jenner to denote cowpox. He used it in 1798 in the title of his ''Inquiry into the Variolae vaccinae known as the Cow Pox'', in which he described the protective effect of cowpox against smallpox. In the West, Jenner is often called "the father of immunology", and his work is said to have saved "more lives than any other man". In Jenner's time, smallpox killed around 10% of global population, with the number as high as 20% in towns and cities where infection spread more easily. In 1821, he was appointed physician to King George IV, and was also made mayor of Berkeley and justice of the peace. A member of the Royal Society. In the field of zoology, he was among the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Smallpox Vaccination
The smallpox vaccine is the first vaccine to be developed against a contagious disease. In 1796, British physician Edward Jenner demonstrated that an infection with the relatively mild cowpox virus conferred immunity against the deadly smallpox virus. Cowpox served as a natural vaccine until the modern smallpox vaccine emerged in the 20th century. From 1958 to 1977, the World Health Organization (WHO) conducted a global vaccination campaign that eradicated smallpox, making it the only human disease to be eradicated. Although routine smallpox vaccination is no longer performed on the general public, the vaccine is still being produced to guard against bioterrorism, biological warfare, and monkeypox.Anderson MG, Frenkel LD, Homann S, and Guffey J. (2003), "A case of severe monkeypox virus disease in an American child: emerging infections and changing professional values"; '' Pediatr Infect Dis J'';22(12): 1093–96; discussion 1096–98. The term ''vaccine'' derives from the Latin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
College Of Physicians Of Philadelphia
The College of Physicians of Philadelphia is the oldest private medical society in the United States. Founded in 1787 by 24 Philadelphia physicians "to advance the Science of Medicine, and thereby lessen human misery, by investigating the diseases and remedies which are peculiar to our country" and to promote "order and uniformity in the practice of Physick," it has made important contributions to medical education and research. The College hosts the Mütter Museum, a gallery of 19th-century specimens, teaching models, instruments, and photographs, as well as the Historical Medical Library, which is one of the country's oldest medical libraries. The College of Physicians of Philadelphia Building, designed by the firm of Cope & Stewardson and built in 1909, was designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark in October, 2008. It was also then listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Current programs The College remains a private membership organization of physicians, whose ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William Tebb
William Tebb (22 October 1830 – 23 January 1917) was a British businessman and wide-ranging social reformer. He was an anti-vaccinationist and author of anti-vaccination books.''Bodily Matters: The Anti-Vaccination Movement in England, 1853–1907'', Nadja Durbach, Duke University Press, 2005, Google Books/ref> He was concerned about premature burial. Biography Privately educated, Tebb started work at fifteen for a Manchester business, attending evening classes where he encountered the ideas of the British radicals John Bright, Richard Cobden and Robert Owen, and the American Christian social reformer Adin Ballou. His ideas were also influenced by a Salford Swedenborgian sect promoting physical purity, food reform, and teetotalism. In 1852, Tebb went to the United States as a representative of the Vegetarian Society. He was introduced to Ballou and made frequent visits to the latter's experimental Hopedale Community, where he met and married Mary Elizabeth Scott in 1856. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anti-Vaccination Society Of America
Anti-Vaccination Society of America opposed compulsory smallpox vaccination from the final decades of the 19th century through the 1910s. It was founded in 1879 after a visit to the United States by William Tebb. It published a periodical called ''Vaccination''. Members *William Tebb (1830–1917) inspired the organization. *L.H. Piehn of Nora Springs, Iowa. He was a banker and his daughter died of sepsis after the smallpox vaccine in 1894. *Montague Leverson of New York City. *Weyprecht of New York City in 1895. *Frank D. Blue of Terre Haute, Indiana was secretary in 1899. *Porter F. Cope (1869–1950) was the secretary. *E. C. Townsend of New York City was assistant secretary for the Eastern States. He was the publisher of ''Anti-Vaccination News''. See also * Anti-Vaccination League of America * National Anti-Vaccination League The National Anti-Vaccination League (NAVL) was a British anti-vaccination organization that was formed in 1896 from earlier smaller organizations ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Massachusetts
Massachusetts (Massachusett language, Massachusett: ''Muhsachuweesut [Massachusett writing systems, məhswatʃəwiːsət],'' English: , ), officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is the most populous U.S. state, state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It borders on the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Maine to the east, Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York (state), New York to the west. The state's capital and List of municipalities in Massachusetts, most populous city, as well as its cultural and financial center, is Boston. Massachusetts is also home to the urban area, urban core of Greater Boston, the largest metropolitan area in New England and a region profoundly influential upon American History of the United States, history, academia, and the Economy of the United States, research economy. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing, and trade. Massachusetts was transformed into a manuf ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Medical History (journal)
''Medical History'' is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering the history of medicine. It was established in 1957. The journal is edited by Sanjoy Bhattacharya and is published by Cambridge University Press. The journal is associated with the European Association for the History of Medicine and Health, the Asian Society for the History of Medicine, and the World Health Organization's Global Health Histories initiative. History ''Medical History'' was founded in 1957, published by William Dawson, and was the official journal of four medical societies; the Cambridge University History of Medicine Society, The Norwegian Society for the History of Medicine, The Scottish Society of the History of Medicine, and the Osler Club of London. Its first editor was William John Bishop, the then librarian of the Wellcome Historical Medical Library. Following Bishop's death in 1961, Noël Poynter became the journal's editor. In 1965, ''Medical History'' became the official publication ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mary Hume-Rothery
Mary Hume Rothery or Mary Catherine Hume-Rothery (14 December 1824 – 14 February 1885) was a British writer and campaigner for medical reform. She campaigned against the Contagious Diseases Act and founded the National Anti Compulsory Vaccination League. Early life Rothery was born in London in 1824. Her parents were Mary Burnley, daughter of Hardin Burnley (1741–1823), and Joseph Hume the radical politician: she was their youngest daughter and Allan Octavian Hume was her brother. She travelled on the continent of Europe with her father, and wrote poetry and biblical exposition. Married life Mary married the Rev. William Rothery on 9 July 1864, in two London ceremonies: firstly by John Frederick Blake at St Mary, Bryanston Square; and then at the New Church, Argyll Square, by Jonathan Bayley. William's father John Rothery lived at Great Clifton. He had studied at St Bees Theological College, from 1846, and was ordained deacon in 1848, and a priest of the Church of Eng ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles Thomas Pearce
Charles Thomas Pearce (1815–1883) M.D., M.R.C.S., F.R.S., was an English physician and early opponent of mandatory vaccination. A member of the Royal College of Surgeons, fellow of the Royal Society and a Freemason, Charles was a homoeopath and surgeon, with an interest in medical astrology, vegetarianism, improved care for the mentally ill and the cessation of vivisection. Biography Born in Westminster, London, he was the son of court tailor Richard David Pearce (1780–1820) and Sarah 'Sally' Bouchet (1777–1855). His mother was of Huguenot descent, her father and brother being noted Southwark brassfounders. Charles married a woman ten years his senior named Elizabeth Eagles at St. George's, Hanover Square, the daughter of a Pimlico carpenter and sister of James Eagles, Shoreditch organ builder, who restored the great instrument in Canterbury Cathedral, in addition to furnishing a number of new churches in Tasmania and Australia. Together, Charles and Elizabeth had four ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
George Dornbusch
George Dornbusch (1819 – 5 February 1873) was an Austrian merchant and activist for vegetarianism and various other causes including abolitionism, anti-vaccination, temperance, women's suffrage and the peace movement. He was an early proponent of veganism. Biography Dornbush was born in Trieste, then part of the Austrian Empire, in 1819. Dornbusch became a vegan in 1843, "partaking neither of fish, flesh, fowl, butter, milk, cheese, or eggs, and abstaining also from the use of tea, coffee, intoxicating drinks, salt, and tobacco", Francis William Newman also described him as abstaining from, "every form of vegetable grease or oil, from the chief vegetable spices, such as pepper and ginger, and emphatically from salt." Dornbusch moved to England from Hamburg in 1845, where he settled in London with his wife Amalie. He became one of the leading members of the vegetarian movement, naming his house "Vegetarian Cottage", and becoming one of the first members of the Vegetarian Socie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
James Burns (Spiritualist)
James Burns (1835 – 1894) was a Scottish spiritualist, naturopath, journalist, vegetariansm activist and publisher. Biography The son of a poor Ayrshire smallholder-craftsman, Burns became a gardener at Hampton Court in his late teens. He became a propagandist for temperance, and from 1858 to 1862 worked for a temperance publisher. Influenced by reading imported American spiritualist publications, and starting to distribute 'progressive and reformatory' literature to the local working population, Burns founded the Spiritual Institution in 1862, which operated from the same rooms as his 'Progressive Literature Agency'. It was located at 15 Southampton Row. In 1867, Burns founded ''Human Nature'', a monthly publication which ran until 1877. In 1869 he brought out a halfpenny weekly, ''The Medium'', which absorbed the provincial ''Daybreak'', founded 1867, and was continued as ''The Medium and Daybreak'' until 1895. In 1875, Burns published Alfred Russel Wallace's book ''On ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
