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Anti-Coolie Act Of 1862
On February 19, 1862, the 37th United States Congress passed ''An Act to Prohibit the "Coolie Trade" by American Citizens in American Vessels.'' The act, which would be called the ''Anti-Coolie Act of 1862'' in short, was passed by the California State Legislature in an attempt to appease rising anger among white laborers about salary competition created by the influx of Chinese immigrants at the height of the California Gold Rush. The act sought to protect white laborers by imposing a monthly tax on Chinese immigrants seeking to do business in the state of California. Initial frustration with Chinese labor Prior to the California gold rush of the 1850s, the Chinese population in the west, described at the time with the derogatory word "coolie", was minimal and tolerated by many Americans who migrated to the west to explore the new frontier. However, the California gold rush not only led to a steep increase in the white American population but also in the Chinese through immigra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
37th United States Congress
The 37th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1861, to March 4, 1863, during the first two years of Abraham Lincoln's presidency. * May 20, 1861: North Carolina Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession. * May 23, 1861: Virginia popular referendum ratified Ordinance of Secession. 5 of 12 U.S. Representatives remained. Two senators from the "Restored Government of Virginia" replaced the two who withdrew. * June 8, 1861: Tennessee popular referendum ratified Ordinance of Secession. 3 of 10 U.S. Representatives remain. One Senator, Andrew Johnson, remained. * July 21, 1861: First Battle of Bull Run Union approach to Richmond is repulsed. * September 17, 1862: Battle of Antietam rebel invasion into Maryland is repulsed. * September 22, 1862: Emancipation Proclamation ordered, to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chinese Labor In The Southern United States
After slavery was abolished in the United States, Chinese laborers were imported to the South as cheap labor to replace freed Blacks on the plantations. Many of the early Chinese laborers came from sugar plantations in Cuba and after the transcontinental railroad was completed, California also contributed to the labor supply. These laborers formed communities in the pockets of the Southeastern part of the United States, encountering racist policies and crossing paths with the African American community. Reconstruction and the Labor Problem In the mid-late 19th Century, Southern planters argued that because of the Civil War and Reconstruction policies, there wasn't a sufficient labor pool to maintain the plantations. Post-emancipation, Freed Blacks demanded higher wages and migrated to rejoin families broken apart by slavery. In response, Southern planters argued that Black laborers were unreliable and unstable and implemented Black codes with labor provisions that would limit the m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Legal History Of California
Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior,Robertson, ''Crimes against humanity'', 90. with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a science and as the art of justice. State-enforced laws can be made by a group legislature or by a single legislator, resulting in statutes; by the executive through decrees and regulations; or established by judges through precedent, usually in common law jurisdictions. Private individuals may create legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that adopt alternative ways of resolving disputes to standard court litigation. The creation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people. Legal systems vary between jurisdictions, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of United States Isolationism
History (derived ) is the systematic study and the documentation of the human activity. The time period of event before the invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbrella term comprising past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of these events. Historians seek knowledge of the past using historical sources such as written documents, oral accounts, art and material artifacts, and ecological markers. History is not complete and still has debatable mysteries. History is also an academic discipline which uses narrative to describe, examine, question, and analyze past events, and investigate their patterns of cause and effect. Historians often debate which narrative best explains an event, as well as the significance of different causes and effects. Historians also debate the nature of history as an end in itself, as well as its usefulness to give perspective on the problems of the p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Immigration To The United States
The history of immigration to the United States details the movement of people to the United States, from the colonial era to the present. The United States experienced successive waves of immigration, particularly from Europe, and later from Asia and Latin America. Colonial era immigrants often repaid the cost of transoceanic transportation by becoming indentured servants where the new employer paid the ship's captain. Starting in the late 19th century, immigration was restricted from China and Japan. In the 1920s, restrictive immigration quotas were imposed, although political refugees had special status. Numerical restrictions ended in 1965. In recent years, the largest numbers have come from Asia and Central America. Attitudes towards new immigrants have cycled between favorable and hostile since the 1790s. Recent debates focus on the Southern border, and on the status of "dreamers" who have lived almost their entire life in the U.S. after being brought in without papers as c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coolie Trade
A coolie (also spelled koelie, kuli, khuli, khulie, cooli, cooly, or quli) is a term for a low-wage labourer, typically of South Asian or East Asian descent. The word ''coolie'' was first popularized in the 16th century by European traders across Asia, and by the 18th century would refer to migrant Indian indentured labourers, and by the 19th century during the British colonial era, would gain a new definition of the systematic transportation and employment of Asian laborers via employment contracts on sugar plantations that had been formerly worked by enslaved Africans. The word has had a variety of other implications and is sometimes regarded as offensive or a pejorative, depending upon the historical and geographical context; in India, its country of origin, it is still considered a derogatory slur. It is similar, in many respects, to the Spanish term peón, although both terms are used in some countries with different implications. The word originated in the 17th-century ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chinese-American History
Chinese Americans are Americans of Han Chinese ancestry. Chinese Americans constitute a subgroup of East Asian Americans which also constitute a subgroup of Asian Americans. Many Chinese Americans along with their ancestors trace lineage from mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, as well as other regions which are inhabited by large populations of the Overseas Chinese, Chinese diaspora, especially Southeast Asia and some other countries such as Australia, Canada, France, South Africa, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. Chinese-Americans include Chinese from the Chinese circle and around the world who became naturalized U.S. citizens and their natural-born descendants in the United States. The Chinese American community is the largest overseas Chinese community outside Asia. It is also the third largest community in the Chinese diaspora, behind the Chinese communities in Chinese Thai, Thailand and Chinese Malaysian, Malaysia. The 2016 Community Survey ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anti-Chinese Legislation
Anti-Chinese sentiment, also known as Sinophobia, is a fear or dislike of China, Chinese people or Chinese culture. It often targets Chinese minorities living outside of China and involves immigration, development of national identity in neighbouring countries, political ideologies, disparity of wealth, the past tributary system of Imperial China, majority-minority relations, imperial legacies, and racism. Today, a variety of popular culture clichés and negative stereotypes about Chinese people exist, notably in the Western world, and are often conflated with other Asian ethnic groups, known as the Yellow Peril.William F. Wu, ''The Yellow Peril: Chinese Americans in American Fiction, 1850–1940'', Archon Press, 1982. Some individuals may harbor prejudice or hatred against Chinese people due to history, racism, propaganda, or ingrained stereotypes. Its opposite is Sinophilia. Statistics and background In 2013, Pew Research Center from the United States conducted a sur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anti-Chinese Sentiment In The United States
Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States dates to the mid-19th century, shortly after Chinese immigrants, the ancestors of many Chinese Americans, first arrived in North America. It has taken many forms, including prejudice; racist immigration limits; and murder, massacres, and other violence. Anti-Chinese sentiment and violence in the country first manifested in the 1860s, when the Chinese were employed in the building of the world's First transcontinental railroad. Its origins can be traced partly to competition with whites for jobs and to the reports of American merchants, missionaries, and diplomats who had lived and worked in China and wrote "relentlessly negative" and unsubstantiated reports of the people whom they "encountered" there. Violence against Chinese in California, in Oregon, in Washington, and throughout the west took many forms, including pogroms; expulsions, including the destruction of a Chinatown in Denver; and massacres such as the Los Angeles Chinese ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1862 In The United States
Events from the year 1862 in the United States. Incumbents Federal Government * President: Abraham Lincoln ( R-Illinois) * Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin ( R-Maine) * Chief Justice: Roger B. Taney (Maryland) * Speaker of the House of Representatives: Galusha A. Grow ( R-Pennsylvania) * Congress: 37th Events January * January 3 – American Civil War: Battle of Cockpit Point fought in Virginia. * January 8 – American Civil War: Battle of Roan's Tan Yard in Missouri. * January 10 – John Gately Downey, 7th Governor of California, is succeeded by Amasa Leland Stanford. * January 19 – American Civil War: Battle of Mill Springs in Kentucky. * January 30 – The first US ironclad warship, , is launched. * January 31 – Alvan Graham Clark makes the first observation of Sirius B, a white dwarf star, through an eighteen-inch telescope at Northwestern University. * In the Great Flood of 1862, San Francisco receives of rainfall for Januar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1862 In American Law
Year 186 ( CLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Glabrio (or, less frequently, year 939 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 186 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire * Peasants in Gaul stage an anti-tax uprising under Maternus. * Roman governor Pertinax escapes an assassination attempt, by British usurpers. New Zealand * The Hatepe volcanic eruption extends Lake Taupō and makes skies red across the world. However, recent radiocarbon dating by R. Sparks has put the date at 233 AD ± 13 (95% confidence). Births * Ma Liang, Chinese official of the Shu Han state (d. 222) Deaths * April 21 – Apollonius the Apologist, Christian martyr * Bian Zhang, Chinese official and gener ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anti-Coolie Act
On February 19, 1862, the 37th United States Congress passed ''An Act to Prohibit the "Coolie Trade" by American Citizens in American Vessels.'' The act, which would be called the ''Anti-Coolie Act of 1862'' in short, was passed by the California State Legislature in an attempt to appease rising anger among white laborers about salary competition created by the influx of History of Chinese Americans, Chinese immigrants at the height of the California Gold Rush. The act sought to protect white laborers by imposing a monthly tax on Chinese immigrants seeking to do business in the state of California. Initial frustration with Chinese labor Prior to the California gold rush of the 1850s, the Chinese population in the west, described at the time with the derogatory word "coolie", was minimal and tolerated by many Americans who migrated to the west to explore the new frontier. However, the California gold rush not only led to a steep increase in the white American population but also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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