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Anthracnose
A plant canker is a small area of dead tissue, which grows slowly, often over years. Some cankers are of only minor consequence, but others are ultimately lethal and therefore can have major economic implications for agriculture and horticulture. Their causes include a wide range of organisms as fungi, bacteria, mycoplasmas and viruses. The majority of canker-causing organisms are bound to a unique host species or genus, but a few will attack other plants. Weather and animals can spread canker, thereby endangering areas that have only slight amount of canker. Although fungicides or bactericides can treat some cankers, often the only available treatment is to destroy the infected plant to contain the disease. Examples * Apple canker, caused by the fungus ''Neonectria galligena'' * Ash bacterial canker, now understood to be caused by the bacterium '' Pseudomonas savastanoi'', rather than ''Pseudomonas syringae''. After DNA-relatedness studies ''Pseudomonas savastanoi'' has be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flowering Dogwood
''Cornus florida'', the flowering dogwood, is a species of flowering tree in the family Cornaceae native to eastern North America and northern Mexico. An endemic population once spanned from southernmost coastal Maine south to northern Florida and west to the Mississippi River. The tree is commonly planted as an ornamental in residential and public areas because of its showy bracts and interesting bark structure. Classification The flowering dogwood is usually included in the dogwood genus ''Cornus'' as ''Cornus florida'' L., although it is sometimes treated in a separate genus as ''Benthamidia florida'' (L.) Spach. Less common names for ''C. florida'' include American dogwood, Florida dogwood, Indian arrowwood, Cornelian tree, white cornel, white dogwood, false box, and false boxwood. Two subspecies are generally recognized: Description Flowering dogwood is a small deciduous tree growing to high, often wider than it is tall when mature, with a trunk diameter of up to . A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Discula Destructiva
''Discula destructiva'' is a fungus in the family Gnomoniaceae which causes dogwood anthracnose, affecting populations of dogwood trees native to North America. It was introduced to the United States in 1978 and is distributed throughout the Eastern United States and the Pacific Northwest. Its origins are unknown. It typically occurs in cool, wet spring and fall weather. One can avoid this fungus by watering dogwoods during drought and general cultural control care. Species affected: ''Cornus florida'' and ''Cornus nuttallii''. References External links Species Profile- Dogwood Anthracnose (''Discula destructiva'') National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library The United States National Agricultural Library (NAL) is one of the world's largest agricultural research libraries, and serves as a national library of the United States and as the library of the United States Department of Agriculture. Located .... Lists general informat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Butternut Canker
''Ophiognomonia clavigignenti-juglandacearum'' is a mitosporic fungus that causes the lethal disease of butternut trees (''Juglans cinerea''), butternut canker. It is also known to parasitize other members of the genus ''Juglans'' on occasion, and very rarely other related trees including hickories. The fungus is found throughout North America, occurring on up to 91% of butternut trees, and may be threatening the viability of butternut as a species. Distribution Butternut, the primary host of ''S. clavigignenti-juglandacearum'', is found in mixed hardwood forests throughout central North America, from New Brunswick to North Carolina. The pathogen was identified as an invasive species in 1967. It was first discovered in Wisconsin, but has since spread to other states and into Canada, making the Butternut an endangered species in Ontario. Its native origin is unknown, but possibly in Asia given the resistance of Asian walnuts to the disease. The United States Forest Service fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Butternut (tree)
''Juglans cinerea'', commonly known as butternut or white walnut,Snow, Charles Henry ''The Principal Species of Wood: Their Characteristic Properties'' 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1908. p. 56. is a species of walnut native to the eastern United States and southeast Canada. Distribution The distribution range of ''J. cinerea'' extends east to New Brunswick, and from southern Quebec west to Minnesota, south to northern Alabama and southwest to northern Arkansas. It is absent from most of the Southern United States. The species also proliferates at middle elevations (about above sea level) in the Columbia River basin, Pacific Northwest; as an off-site species. Trees with (over mature) class range diameter at breast height were noted in the Imnaha River drainage as late as January 26, 2015. Butternut favors a cooler climate than black walnut and its range does not extend into the Deep South. Its northern range extends into Wisconsin and Minnesota where the growing s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Honey Locust
The honey locust (''Gleditsia triacanthos''), also known as the thorny locust or thorny honeylocust, is a deciduous tree in the family Fabaceae, native to central North America where it is mostly found in the moist soil of river valleys. Honey locust is highly adaptable to different environments, has been introduced worldwide, and can be an aggressive, invasive species outside of its native range. Description The honey locust, ''Gleditsia triacanthos'', can reach a height of . They exhibit fast growth, but live a medium life span of about 120 years. The leaves are pinnately compound on older trees but bipinnately compound on vigorous young trees. The leaflets are (smaller on bipinnate leaves) and bright green. They turn yellow in the autumn. Honey locusts leaf out relatively late in spring, but generally slightly earlier than the black locust (''Robinia pseudoacacia''). The strongly scented, cream-colored flowers appear in late spring, in clusters emerging from the base of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eutypa Lata
Phomopsis cane and leaf spot occurs wherever grapes are grown. Phomopsis cane and leaf spot is more severe in grape-growing regions characterized by a humid temperate climate through the growing season. Crop losses up to 30% have been reported to be caused by Phomopsis cane and leaf spot.Úrbez-Torres, J. R., Peduto, F., Smith, R. J., and Gubler, W. D. 2013. Phomopsis dieback: A grapevine trunk disease caused by Phomopsis viticola in California. Plant Dis. 97:1571-1579. Hosts and symptoms Phomopsis cane and leaf spot is a disease that causes symptoms in the common grapevine species, ''vitis vinifera'', in many regions of the world. This disease is mainly caused by the fungal pathogen, ''Phomopsis viticola'', and is known to affect many cultivars of table grapes, such as Thompson Seedless, Red Globe, and Flame Seedless. Also in vines of oenological interest, such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Zinfandel, Syrah, Barbera, Chardonnay and Merlot. Spots or lesions on shoots and leaves are commo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dead Arm (grapes)
Phomopsis cane and leaf spot occurs wherever grapes are grown. Phomopsis cane and leaf spot is more severe in grape-growing regions characterized by a humid temperate climate through the growing season. Crop losses up to 30% have been reported to be caused by Phomopsis cane and leaf spot.Úrbez-Torres, J. R., Peduto, F., Smith, R. J., and Gubler, W. D. 2013. Phomopsis dieback: A grapevine trunk disease caused by Phomopsis viticola in California. Plant Dis. 97:1571-1579. Hosts and symptoms Phomopsis cane and leaf spot is a disease that causes symptoms in the common grapevine species, ''vitis vinifera'', in many regions of the world. This disease is mainly caused by the fungal pathogen, ''Phomopsis viticola'', and is known to affect many cultivars of table grapes, such as Thompson Seedless, Red Globe, and Flame Seedless. Also in vines of oenological interest, such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Zinfandel, Syrah, Barbera, Chardonnay and Merlot. Spots or lesions on shoots and leaves are commo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geosmithia Putterillii
The foamy bark canker is a disease affecting oak trees in California caused by the fungus ''Geosmithia pallida'' and spread by the Western oak bark beetle ('' Pseudopityopthorus pubipennis''). This disease is only seen through the symbiosis of the bark beetles and the fungal pathogen. The bark beetles target oak trees and bore holes through the peridermal tissues, making tunnels within the phloem. The fungal spores are brought into these tunnels by the beetles and begin to colonize the damaged cells inside the tunnels. Symptoms of the developing fungus include wet discoloration seeping from the beetle entry holes as the fungus begins to consume phloem and likely other tissues. If bark is removed, necrosis of the phloem can be observed surrounding the entry hole(s). As the disease progresses, a reddish sap and foamy liquid oozes from entry holes, thus giving the disease the name foamy bark canker. Eventually, after the disease has progressed, the tree dies. This disease is import ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Foamy Bark Canker
The foamy bark canker is a disease affecting oak trees in California caused by the fungus ''Geosmithia pallida'' and spread by the Western oak bark beetle ('' Pseudopityopthorus pubipennis''). This disease is only seen through the symbiosis of the bark beetles and the fungal pathogen. The bark beetles target oak trees and bore holes through the peridermal tissues, making tunnels within the phloem. The fungal spores are brought into these tunnels by the beetles and begin to colonize the damaged cells inside the tunnels. Symptoms of the developing fungus include wet discoloration seeping from the beetle entry holes as the fungus begins to consume phloem and likely other tissues. If bark is removed, necrosis of the phloem can be observed surrounding the entry hole(s). As the disease progresses, a reddish sap and foamy liquid oozes from entry holes, thus giving the disease the name foamy bark canker. Eventually, after the disease has progressed, the tree dies. This disease is import ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seiridium
''Lepteutypa'' is a genus of plant pathogens in the family Amphisphaeriaceae. First described by the Austrian mycologist Franz Petrak in 1923, the genus contains 10 species according to a 2008 estimate. The genus ''Lepteutypa'' is teleomorphic (reproducing sexually) and the corresponding anamorphic name, used to describe the asexual form, is ''Seiridium'' (formerly ''Coryneum''). For instance, the name ''Seiridium cupressi'' can still be used for the anamorphic form of that species, but now that it is known that a sexual stage exists, the name ''Lepteutypa cupressi'' should be preferred for the species as a whole. On the other hand, no sexual stage of species ''Seiridium cardinale'' is known, so that is its only name. ''Seiridium cardinale'' and ''L. cupressi'' are important to gardeners and foresters as they cause the devastating Cyprus canker disease of ''Cupressus'', ''Thuja ''Thuja'' ( ) is a genus of coniferous tree or shrub in the Cupressaceae (cypress family). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cypress Canker
Cypress canker is a disease affecting ''Cupressus'' species, caused by one of several species of fungus in the genus ''Seiridium''. Infection causes die-back of twigs and branches in susceptible cypress trees, with rapidly increasing amounts of damage and the death of the tree. History The first epidemic of cypress canker was recorded in California in 1928, with Monterey cypress (''Cupressus macrocarpa'') being affected. Within a few years the local populations of this tree had been killed. The species is widely traded as an ornamental tree and the disease had soon spread worldwide, probably with nursery stock. Within five decades the disease had reached New Zealand, France, Chile, Italy, Argentina, Greece, most of Europe, Canada, North Africa, South Africa and Australia. The causal agent of this pandemic spread was the pathogenic fungus ''Seiridium cardinale'', with '' Seiridium cupressi'' and '' Seiridium unicorne'' sometimes being involved, but being less aggressive; other pat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xanthomonas Axonopodis
''Xanthomonas'' (from greek: ''xanthos'' – “yellow”; ''monas'' – “entity”) is a genus of bacteria, many of which cause plant diseases. There are at least 27 plant associated ''Xanthomonas spp.'', that all together infect at least 400 plant species. Different species typically have specific host and/or tissue range and colonization strategies. Taxonomy The genus ''Xanthomonas'' has been subject of numerous taxonomic and phylogenetic studies and was first described as ''Bacterium vesicatorium'' as a pathogen of pepper and tomato in 1921. Dowson later reclassified the bacterium as ''Xanthomonas campestris'' and proposed the genus ''Xanthomonas''.''Xanthomonas'' was first described as a monotypic genus and further research resulted in the division into two groups, A and B. Later work using DNA:DNA hybridization has served as a framework for the general ''Xanthomonas'' species classification. Other tools, including multilocus sequence analysis and amplified fragment-length ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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