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Alphonse François Lacroix
Alphonse François Lacroix (1799–1859) was a Swiss missionary in Bengal. Life Lacroix was born in the canton of Neuchâtel on 10 May 1799. He was educated there under the care of his uncle, named Chanel, until he was 17 years of age. In 1816 Lacroix went to Amsterdam as a tutor, and while there learned of the French_Polynesia#Religion, Christian conversion of Tahiti. He offered himself as a missionary. He was first appointed an agent of the Netherlands Missionary Society at Chinsurah, near Calcutta in British India, but on the cession of the settlement to the British East India Company he transferred his services to the London Missionary Society, and became a British subject. Lacroix married at Chinsurah, and stayed there until 1827, when he moved to Calcutta. While there he set up a religious movement in the villages to the south and east of the city as well as in the district of the Sunderbunds. He also preached in Sagar Island, and made visits to the Ichamati River and Ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Portrait Of A
A portrait is a painting, photograph, sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person, in which the face and its expressions are predominant. The intent is to display the likeness, personality, and even the mood of the person. For this reason, in photography a portrait is generally not a snapshot, but a composed image of a person in a still position. A portrait often shows a person looking directly at the painter or photographer, in order to most successfully engage the subject with the viewer. History Prehistorical portraiture Plastered human skulls were reconstructed human skulls that were made in the ancient Levant between 9000 and 6000 BC in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period. They represent some of the oldest forms of art in the Middle East and demonstrate that the prehistoric population took great care in burying their ancestors below their homes. The skulls denote some of the earliest sculptural examples of portraiture in the history of art. Historical portraitur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sagar Island
Sagar Island is an island in the Ganges delta, lying on the Continental Shelf of Bay of Bengal about 100 km (54 nautical miles) south of Kolkata. This island forms the Sagar CD Block in Kakdwip subdivision of South 24 Parganas district in the Indian State of West Bengal. Although Sagar Island is a part of Sundarbans, it does not have any tiger habitation or mangrove forests or small river tributaries as is characteristic of the overall Sundarban delta. This island is a place of Hindu pilgrimage. Every year on the day of Makar Sankranti (14 January), hundreds of thousands of Hindus gather to take a holy dip at the confluence of river Ganges and Bay of Bengal and offer prayers ('' puja'') in the Kapil Muni Temple. Kolkata Port Trust has a pilot station and a light house. Geography Location Sagar Island is located at . It has an average elevation of . Climate History A holy man, Kardam Muni, made a pact with Vishnu that he would undergo the rigours of marital life, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1859 Deaths
Events January–March * January 21 – José Mariano Salas (1797–1867) becomes Conservative interim President of Mexico. * January 24 ( O. S.) – Wallachia and Moldavia are united under Alexandru Ioan Cuza (Romania since 1866, final unification takes place on December 1, 1918; Transylvania and other regions are still missing at that time). * January 28 – The city of Olympia is incorporated in the Washington Territory of the United States of America. * February 2 – Miguel Miramón (1832–1867) becomes Conservative interim President of Mexico. * February 4 – German scholar Constantin von Tischendorf rediscovers the ''Codex Sinaiticus'', a 4th-century uncial manuscript of the Greek Bible, in Saint Catherine's Monastery on the foot of Mount Sinai, in the Khedivate of Egypt. * February 14 – Oregon is admitted as the 33rd U.S. state. * February 12 – The Mekteb-i Mülkiye School is founded in the Ottoman Empire. * February 17 – French naval forces under Charles ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1799 Births
Events January–June * January 9 – British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger introduces an income tax of two shillings to the pound, to raise funds for Great Britain's war effort in the French Revolutionary Wars. * January 17 – Maltese patriot Dun Mikiel Xerri, along with a number of other patriots, is executed. * January 21 – The Parthenopean Republic is established in Naples by French General Jean Étienne Championnet; King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies flees. * February 9 – Quasi-War: In the single-ship action of USS ''Constellation'' vs ''L'Insurgente'' in the Caribbean, the American ship is the victor. * February 28 – French Revolutionary Wars: Action of 28 February 1799 – British Royal Navy frigate HMS ''Sybille'' defeats the French frigate ''Forte'', off the mouth of the Hooghly River in the Bay of Bengal, but both captains are killed. * March 1 – Federalist James Ross becomes President pro tempore of the United States Senate. * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zenana Mission
The zenana missions were outreach programmes established in British India with the aim of Conversion to Christianity, converting women to Christianity. From the mid 19th century, they sent female missionaries into the homes of women in India, Indian women, including the private areas of houses - known as ''zenana'' - that male visitors were not allowed to see. Gradually these missions expanded from purely evangelical work to providing medical and education services. Hospitals and schools established by these missions are still active, making the ''zenana'' missions an important part of the history of Christianity in India. Background Women in India at this time were segregated under the purdah system, being confined to women's quarters known as a zenana, which men unrelated to them were forbidden to enter. The zenana missions were made up of female missionaries who could visit Indian women in their own homes with the aim of converting them to Christianity. The purdah system m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joseph Mullens
Joseph Mullens (2 September 1820 – 10 July 1879) worked with the London Missionary Society (LMS) in India. Life Joseph Mullens, son of Richard Mullens, was born on 2 September 1820 in London. He studied at Coward College, a dissenting academy that trained people for nonconformist ministry, in 1837 and graduated from the University of London, to which the college was affiliated, in 1841. He then undertook further study in Edinburgh with the intention of working for the LMS in India. Mullens was ordained at Barbican Chapel as a Congregational minister in September 1843 and soon after sailed for India. He shared the journey with a Swiss missionary, Alphonse François Lacroix, who was returning to Calcutta after taking leave, and joined Lacroix's mission at Bhawanipur, near Calcutta. On 19 June 1845, Mullens married Hannah Catherine, an evangelist daughter of Lacroix who spoke fluent Bengali. In the following year, Mullens became pastor at the church in Bhawanipur. Probably a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hana Catherine Mullens
Hana Catherine Mullens (1826–1861) was a European Christian missionary, educator, translator and writer. She was a leader of zenana missions, setting up schools for girls and writing what is arguably the first novel in Bengali. She spent most of her life in Calcutta, then the capital of British India (now Kolkata, West Bengal), and was fluent in the Bengali language. Early life and education Hana Catherine Lacroix was born in Calcutta. Her father was Alphonse François Lacroix, a Swiss Protestant missionary who went to Chinsurah in 1821 to preach Christianity on behalf of the London Missionary Society (LMS). Her mother, Hannah Herklots, was from a Dutch colonial family. Hana grew up in the mission in Bhowanipore, one of the ''Dihi Panchannagram'' villages then on the suburbs of the capital of the Raj. She learned Bengali, the language of her '' amah'' and other servants, at a period when Sanskrit was used only for liturgical and religious purposes; and Bengali was only a la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bible Translations Into Bengali
Nathaniel B. Halhead of the East India Company published a Bengali grammar for British officials in 1776 to aid interaction with the local Bengali population. William Carey of Serampore translated the Bible into the Bengali language and published it in 1793 and 1801. The high language Bengali translation in use in Bangladesh is derived from Carey's version, while "common language" versions are newer translations. Fr. Christian Mignon, a Belgian Jesuit, finished a revised version of the Bible in Bengali, named ''Mangalbarta'', which has copious footnotes. Missionaries have also translated the Bible into " Musalmani Bangla", as well as the Chittagonian and Sylheti dialects. Christian Bengali William Carey's translation of the Bible into Bengali was peculiar to mainstream Bengali. It came to be known as "Christian Bengali" and intelligibility of this new dialect was somewhat restricted to educated Bengali Christians. The Bengali converts to Christianity during the British rule wer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathabhanga River
The Mathabhanga River ( bn, মাথাভাংগা নদী) is a transboundary river between India and Bangladesh. Journey and Importance The Mathabhanga or Hauli, whose lower reach is called the Haulia, leaves the Padma River, Padma about ten miles below the point where the Jalangi River, Jalangi leaves from it. It flows first in a southeasterly direction as far as Hatboalia, where it bifurcates one branch, which is thereafter known as the Kumar River, Kumar or Pangasi river, Pangasi, it then proceeds in the same direction, past Alamdanga Upazila, Alamdanga, up to the boundary of the district which it forms for a few miles until it passes into Jessore District, Jessore, whilst the other branch pursues a very tortuous course. The general trend of which is to the south, until, after passing Chuadanga District, Chuadanga it reaches Krishnaganj (in India). There a second bifurcation takes place, the two resulting streams being known as the Churni and the Ichamati river, Ichamati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ichamati River
Ichamati River ( bn, ইছামতী নদী) (also spelt Ichhamati), is a trans-boundary river which flows through India and Bangladesh and also forms the boundary between the two countries. The river is facing the problem of siltation leading to thin flow of water in the dry season and floods in the rainy season. Experts are handling the situation and remedial matters are being discussed between the governments of India and Bangladesh. Ichamati flow Ichamati River is now in three parts: (1) The longer part flows from the Mathabhanga River, a distributary of the Padma, and after flowing for joins the Kalindi River near Hasnabad in North 24 Parganas and Debhata in Satkhira District. (2) Once the main river west of Dhaka and (3) Ichamati of Dinajpur. Rennel's map of 1764–66, shows the last two rivers as one. The second river marked above originates south of Jafarganj opposite to the mouth of the Hoorsagar near Nathpur factory and runs towards Joginighat in Munshigan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sunderbunds
Sundarbans (pronounced ) is a mangrove area in the delta formed by the confluence of the Padma, Brahmaputra and Meghna Rivers in the Bay of Bengal. It spans the area from the Baleswar River in Bangladesh's division of Khulna to the Hooghly River in India's state of West Bengal. It comprises closed and open mangrove forests, land used for agricultural purpose, mudflats and barren land, and is intersected by multiple tidal streams and channels. Sundarbans is home to the world's largest area of mangrove forests. Four protected areas in the Sundarbans are enlisted as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, viz. Sundarbans West (Bangladesh), Sundarbans South (Bangladesh), Sundarbans East (Bangladesh) and Sundarbans National Park (India). Despite these protections, the Indian Sundarbans were considered endangered in a 2020 assessment under the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems framework. The Sundarbans mangrove forest covers an area of about , of which forests in Bangladesh's Khulna Division exte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Tomb Of Catharina Carolina Herklots & Gregorius Herklots And The Grave Of Alphonse Herklots Lacroix, Dutch Cemetery, Chinsurah
''The'' () is a grammatical article in English, denoting persons or things that are already or about to be mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The'' is the most frequently used word in the English language; studies and analyses of texts have found it to account for seven percent of all printed English-language words. It is derived from gendered articles in Old English which combined in Middle English and now has a single form used with nouns of any gender. The word can be used with both singular and plural nouns, and with a noun that starts with any letter. This is different from many other languages, which have different forms of the definite article for different genders or numbers. Pronunciation In most dialects, "the" is pronounced as (with the voiced dental fricative followed by a schwa) when followed by a consonant sound, and as (homophone of the archaic pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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