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Ali Rıza Pasha (governor Of Baghdad)
Ali Rıza Pasha (sometimes spelled Ali Ridha Pasha) led the Ottoman army in 1831 against the ''mamluk'' governor in Baghdad after Dawud Pasha refused to give up his office. Ali Rıza Pasha captured the city and Dawud ending the ''mamluk'' rule in Baghdad. Baghdad fell in September 1831 after a ten-week-long blockade of the city which caused mass famine. While Ali Rıza Pasha was able to capture Baghdad and unseat Dawud Pasha, he still had to deal with the ''mamluks'' who remained in Baghdad. In order to preserve his power and pacify the ''mamluks'', he gave many of them positions in his government. In the days following his conquest of Baghdad, Ali Rıza Pasha published a ''firman'', or decree, which made him the governing authority over the cities of: Baghdad, Aleppo, Diyarbakr, and Mosul. The ''firman'' eventually covered all cities in Iraq. Ali Rıza Pasha then marched his army south to Basra where he occupied the province ending ''mamluk'' rule in 1834. Ali Rıza Pasha's co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) // CITED: p. 36 (PDF p. 38/338) also known as the Turkish Empire, was an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt (modern-day Bilecik Province) by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and, with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed the Conqueror. Under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire marked the peak of its power and prosperity, as well a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
East India Company
The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia), and later with East Asia. The company seized control of large parts of the Indian subcontinent, colonised parts of Southeast Asia and Hong Kong. At its peak, the company was the largest corporation in the world. The EIC had its own armed forces in the form of the company's three Presidency armies, totalling about 260,000 soldiers, twice the size of the British army at the time. The operations of the company had a profound effect on the global balance of trade, almost single-handedly reversing the trend of eastward drain of Western bullion, seen since Roman times. Originally chartered as the "Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East-Indies", the company rose to account for half of the world's trade duri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Army Generals
Ottoman is the Turkish spelling of the Arabic masculine given name Uthman ( ar, عُثْمان, ‘uthmān). It may refer to: Governments and dynasties * Ottoman Caliphate, an Islamic caliphate from 1517 to 1924 * Ottoman Empire, in existence from 1299 to 1922 ** Ottoman dynasty, ruling family of the Ottoman Empire *** Osmanoğlu family, modern members of the family * Ottoman architecture Ethnicities and languages * Ottoman Armenians, the Armenian ethnic group in the Ottoman Empire * Ottoman Greeks, the Greek ethnic group in the Ottoman Empire * Ottoman Serbs, the Serbian ethnic group in the Ottoman Empire * Ottoman Turks, the Turkic ethnic group in the Ottoman Empire ** Ottoman Turkish alphabet ** Ottoman Turkish language, the variety of the Turkish language that was used in the Ottoman Empire Products * Ottoman bed, a type of storage bed * Ottoman (furniture), padded stool or footstool * Ottoman (textile), fabric with a pronounced ribbed or corded effect, often made of silk or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mehmed Necib Pasha
Mehmed Necib Pasha (died 1851), also known as Muhammad Najib Pasha or Gürcü Mehmet Necip Paşa or Necib Pasha, was an Ottoman statesman and governor of Georgian origin. He was the governor of Baghdad Eyalet, succeeding Ali Ridha Pasha (who had brought Iraq back into direct Ottoman control). His father's name was Abdülmucib. He was married to Zeliha Hanim (d.1863) and his daughter was Fatima Hanim (d.1881), his son's was Ahmed Şükrü Bey, Cemil Bey and Mahmud Nedim Pasha, was a two-time Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. Library Mehmed Necib Pasha is known for having the Necip Paşa Library ( tr, Necip Paşa Kütüphanesi) in Tire A tire (American English) or tyre (British English) is a ring-shaped component that surrounds a wheel's rim to transfer a vehicle's load from the axle through the wheel to the ground and to provide traction on the surface over which t ... built in 1827 (today in İzmir Province, Turkey). At the time, he was serving as the "Minister ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Izzet Ahmed Pasha
Izzet Ahmed Pasha (1798 – 20 February 1876), also known as Ahmed Izzet Pasha or Hacı Izzet Pasha or Hakkı Paşazâde Izzet Pasha, was an Ottoman statesman who held a lengthy series of provincial governorships from 1841 to 1870. He was also a vizier (made on 20 September 1845). Early in his career, Izzet Ahmed Pasha was first ''kapıcıbaşı'' ( master of ceremonies) at the imperial palace in Constantinople (modern Istanbul) and later the voivode of the Sanjak of Sivas. He was then made a '' ferik'' (Lieutenant General) in the Ottoman army. After this, he served as the Ottoman governor of: * Sidon Eyalet (December 1841 – July 1842) * Adana Eyalet (March 1843 – March 1844) * Bolu Sanjak (March 1844 – September 1845) * Diyarbekir Eyalet (September 1845 – October 1846) * Erzurum Eyalet (November 1846 – November 1847) * Ioannina Eyalet (March–September 1848, January 1855 – January 1856) * Tripolitania (September 1848 – August 1852) * Damascus Eyalet (1856–1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shiite
Shīʿa Islam or Shīʿīsm is the second-largest branch of Islam. It holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib as his successor (''khalīfa'') and the Imam (spiritual and political leader) after him, most notably at the event of Ghadir Khumm, but was prevented from succeeding Muhammad as the leader of the Muslims as a result of the choice made by some of Muhammad's other companions (''ṣaḥāba'') at Saqifah. This view primarily contrasts with that of Sunnī Islam, whose adherents believe that Muhammad did not appoint a successor before his death and consider Abū Bakr, who was appointed caliph by a group of senior Muslims at Saqifah, to be the first rightful (''rāshidūn'') caliph after Muhammad. Adherents of Shīʿa Islam are called Shīʿa Muslims, Shīʿītes, or simply Shīʿa or Shia. Shīʿa Islam is based on a ''ḥadīth'' report concerning Muhammad's pronouncement at Ghadir Khumm.Esposito, John. "What Everyone Needs to K ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muhammad
Muhammad ( ar, مُحَمَّد; 570 – 8 June 632 Common Era, CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Muhammad in Islam, Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet Divine inspiration, divinely inspired to preach and confirm the tawhid, monotheistic teachings of Adam in Islam, Adam, Abraham in Islam, Abraham, Moses in Islam, Moses, Jesus in Islam, Jesus, and other Prophets and messengers in Islam, prophets. He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets within Islam. Muhammad united Arabian Peninsula, Arabia into a single Muslim polity, with the Quran as well as his teachings and practices forming the basis of Islamic religious belief. Muhammad was born approximately 570CE in Mecca. He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. His father Abdullah was the son of Quraysh tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, and he died a few months before Muhammad's birth. His mother Amina died when he was six, lea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Husayn
Hussein, Hussain, Hossein, Hossain, Huseyn, Husayn, Husein or Husain (; ar, حُسَيْن ), coming from the triconsonantal root Ḥ-S-i-N ( ar, ح س ی ن, link=no), is an Arabic name which is the diminutive of Hassan, meaning "good", "handsome" or "beautiful". It is commonly given as a male given name, particularly among Shias. In Persian language contexts, the transliterations ''Ḥosayn, Hosayn,'' or ''Hossein'' are sometimes used. In the transliteration of Indo-Aryan languages, the forms "Hussain" or "Hossain" may be used. Other variants include ''Husein'', ''Husejin'', ''Husejn'', ''Husain'', ''Hussin'', ''Hussain'', ''Husayin'', ''Hussayin'', ''Hüseyin'', ''Husseyin'', ''Huseyn'', ''Hossain'', ''Hosein'', ''Husseyn'' (etc.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, which follows a standardized way for transliterating Arabic names, used the form "Ḥusain" in its first edition and "Ḥusayn" in its second and third editions. This name was not used in the pre-Islamic period ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moojan Momen
Moojan Momen is a retired physician and historian specializing in Baháʼí studies who has published numerous books and articles about the Baháʼí Faith and Islam, especially Shia Islam, including for Encyclopædia Iranica* * * the British Library, and is a Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. His book ''An introduction to Shi'i Islam'' was used as required reading in university and seminary courses on Shia Islam. He won the 7th annual Thomas Robbins Award for Excellence in the Study of New Religious Movements in 2009 for his article “Millennialism and Violence: The Attempted Assassination of Nasir al-Din Shah of Iran by the Babis in 1852.” He is an editor of ''Bahá’í Studies Review'' and serves as a faculty member at the Bahá'í Wilmette Institute. Retrieved Decemb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dawud Pasha Of Baghdad
Dawūd Pasha ( ar, داود باشا '; ka, დაუდ ფაშა; tr, Davud Pasha) (c.1767–1851), who was born in Tbilisi, Georgia, of Georgian Christian origin, His full name was ( ka, დავით მანველაშვილი; tr, Davit Manvelashvili), was the last Mamluk dynasty of Iraq, Mamluk ruler of Iraq, from c.1816 to 1831. Biography Iraq at this period was nominally part of the Ottoman Empire but in practice largely autonomous. Mamluks were originally freed slaves who had converted to Islam, and were assigned to military and administrative duties in the Ottoman Empire. Mamluk rulers governed in the territory that became Iraq, acquiring increasing autonomy from the Sultan, from 1704 to 1831. The history of modern Iraq's boundaries could be traced to 1749, when the Sultan extended the authority of the Mamluk Wali (administrative title)#Ottoman Empire term, Vali (Governor) of Basra to include the eyalet (province) of Eyalet of Baghdad, Baghdad, initiatin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Juan Cole
John Ricardo Irfan "Juan" Cole (born October 23, 1952) is an American academic and commentator on the modern Middle East and South Asia. Dead link; no archive located. He is Richard P. Mitchell Collegiate Professor of History at the University of Michigan. Since 2002, he has written a weblog, ''Informed Comment'' (''juancole.com''). Background Cole was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico. His father served in the United States Army Signal Corps. When Cole was age two, his family left New Mexico for France. His father completed two tours with the U.S. military in France (a total of seven years) and one 18-month stay at Kagnew Station in Asmara, Eritrea (then Ethiopia). Cole was schooled at twelve schools in twelve years, at a series of dependent schools on military bases but also sometimes in civilian schools. Some schooling occurred in the United States, particularly in North Carolina and California. Baháʼí studies Cole converted to the Baháʼí Faith in 1972 and spent 25 yea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karbala
Karbala or Kerbala ( ar, كَرْبَلَاء, Karbalāʾ , , also ;) is a city in central Iraq, located about southwest of Baghdad, and a few miles east of Lake Milh, also known as Razzaza Lake. Karbala is the capital of Karbala Governorate, and has an estimated population of 1,218,732 people (2018). The city, best known as the location of the Battle of Karbala in 680 AD, or for the shrines of Husayn ibn Ali and Abbas ibn Ali,Shimoni & Levine, 1974, p. 160.Aghaie, 2004, pp. 10–11. is considered a holy city for Shia Muslims, in the same way as Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem. Tens of millions of Shi'ite Muslims visit the site twice a year, rivaling Mecca and Mashhad by the number of pilgrims annually. The martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali is commemorated annually by millions of Shi'ites. Up to 8 million pilgrims visit the city to observe '' ʿĀshūrāʾ'' (the tenth day of the month of Muharram), which marks the anniversary of Husayn's death, but the main event is the '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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