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Alan Of Farfa
Alan (died 9 March 769) was an Aquitanian scholar, hermit and homilist who served as the sixth Abbot of Farfa in central Italy from 761. Before taking over at Farfa, Alan composed the ''Homiliarium Alani'', "one of the most successful homiliaries of the late eighth and early ninth centuries", traces of which may be found in the liturgical formulae scattered throughout Farfa's eighth-century charters. Biography Alan may have been a native of Aquitaine or perhaps just a member of an Aquitanian family established in the Sabina. There is a charter dating to his tenure as abbot, from January 766, which refers to a certain Teuderisinus as the abbot's ''avus'', that is, grandfather (or perhaps ancestor). This Teuderisinus held land at Rieti and also in the countryside. He gave half of the former, two rural ''casae'', and an undefined property to Farfa sometime before 766. In the charter of January that year a certain Theodosius made an exchange of land at ''Mallianus'' with Farfa in w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Topos
In mathematics, a topos (, ; plural topoi or , or toposes) is a category that behaves like the category of sheaves of sets on a topological space (or more generally: on a site). Topoi behave much like the category of sets and possess a notion of localization; they are a direct generalization of point-set topology. The Grothendieck topoi find applications in algebraic geometry; the more general elementary topoi are used in logic. The mathematical field that studies topoi is called topos theory. Grothendieck topos (topos in geometry) Since the introduction of sheaves into mathematics in the 1940s, a major theme has been to study a space by studying sheaves on a space. This idea was expounded by Alexander Grothendieck by introducing the notion of a "topos". The main utility of this notion is in the abundance of situations in mathematics where topological heuristics are very effective, but an honest topological space is lacking; it is sometimes possible to find a topos formaliz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
People From Aquitaine
A person ( : people) is a being that has certain capacities or attributes such as reason, morality, consciousness or self-consciousness, and being a part of a culturally established form of social relations such as kinship, ownership of property, or legal responsibility. The defining features of personhood and, consequently, what makes a person count as a person, differ widely among cultures and contexts. In addition to the question of personhood, of what makes a being count as a person to begin with, there are further questions about personal identity and self: both about what makes any particular person that particular person instead of another, and about what makes a person at one time the same person as they were or will be at another time despite any intervening changes. The plural form "people" is often used to refer to an entire nation or ethnic group (as in "a people"), and this was the original meaning of the word; it subsequently acquired its use as a plural form of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
769 Deaths
__NOTOC__ Year 769 ( DCCLXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 769 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Europe * King Charlemagne (Charles "the Great") begins a military campaign against the Duchy of Aquitaine and the Duchy of Gascony. He leads a Frankish army to the city of Bordeaux, where he sets up a fort at Fronsac. His younger brother Carloman I refuses to help his brother fight the rebels, and returns to Burgundy. Hunald, duke of Aquitaine, is forced to flee to the court of Gascony. Lupus II, fearing Charlemagne, turns Hunald over in exchange for peace, and is put in a monastery. Aquitaine and Gascony are subdued into the Frankish Kingdom. By topic Religion * April 12– 15 – Pope Stephen III summons a Lateran Council: the papal electio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guicpert
Guicpert or Wigbert (died before 781) was the abbot of Farfa for eleven months in 769–770 and probably also the Bishop of Rieti in 778. According to the twelfth-century chronicler of the abbey, Gregory of Catino, Wigbert was an Englishman and already a bishop when he convinced the dying Abbot Alan of Farfa to name him as his successor. From a twelfth-century perspective, Wigbert's accession was invalid because it was not in accordance with the Rule of Saint Benedict, although that rule was neither strictly nor uniformly enforced at Farfa in the eighth century. Nevertheless, the monks found Wigbert's rule a "tyranny" (in Gregory's words) and sought the king, Desiderius, to remove him and confirm their freedom to elect a successor, which he did. Nothing is known about Wigbert between February 770 and April 778, but in the latter month the bishop of Rieti, named Guicpert in the source, received for the duration of his life the church of Saint Michael in Rieti from Hildeprand, Duke o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Probatus
Probatus ( it, Provato) was the Abbot of Farfa from 770 until 781, and the first abbot native to the Sabina (region), Sabina. He steered the abbey through the fall of the Kingdom of the Lombards, trying to prevent the disastrous aggression of its last king, and kept it from falling under the jurisdiction of either the Papacy or the Papal States. With the benefit of his local connections he oversaw a great expansion of the abbey's properties through grants and purchases, and also rationalised its holdings to create a robust base for an early medieval monastic community. Early abbacy (770–72) According to the ''Libellus constructionis Farfensis'', a late ninth-century source, Probatus was "born in the Sabine province" and "fully educated from childhood in the chant of the holy Roman Church", that is, the Old Roman chant. He was a deacon of Farfa in 769, when Alan of Farfa, Abbot Alan died and was replaced by his chosen successor, Guicpert. The latter's abbacy was opposed by the mon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Desiderius
Desiderius, also known as Daufer or Dauferius (born – died ), was king of the Lombards in northern Italy, ruling from 756 to 774. The Frankish king of renown, Charlemagne, married Desiderius's daughter and subsequently conquered his realm. Desiderius is remembered for this connection to Charlemagne and for being the last Lombard ruler to exercise regional kingship. Rise to power Born in Brescia, Desiderius was originally a royal officer, the ''dux'' of Tuscia and he became king after the death of Aistulf in 756. At that time, Aistulf's predecessor, Ratchis, left his monastic retreat of Montecassino and tried to seize the kingdom, but Desiderius put his revolt down quickly with the support of Pope Stephen II. At his coronation, Desiderius promised to restore many lost papal towns to the Holy See and even enlarge the Papal State. By 757, Desiderius began securing his power, taking what historian Walter Goffart terms, "vigorous steps to suppress resistance to himself in the po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aistulf
Aistulf (also Ahistulf, Aistulfus, Haistulfus, Astolf etc.; it, Astolfo; died December 756) was the Duke of Friuli from 744, King of the Lombards from 749, and Duke of Spoleto from 751. His reign was characterized by ruthless and ambitious efforts to conquer Roman territory to the extent that in the '' Liber Pontificalis'', he is described as a "shameless" Lombard given to "pernicious savagery" and cruelty. Biography Aistulf was born as the son of Duke Pemmo of Friuli and his wife Ratperga. After his brother Ratchis became king, Aistulf succeeded him as Duke of Friuli and later succeeded him as king, when Ratchis was forced to abdicate the throne. Ratchis entered a monastery thereafter. While Ratchis had been more tolerant with the Roman element of the Italian population, Aistulf followed a more aggressive policy of expansion and raids against the Papal States and the Eastern Roman exarchate of Ravenna. In 750, Aistulf captured Ravenna and all the provinces subject to the E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pasture
Pasture (from the Latin ''pastus'', past participle of ''pascere'', "to feed") is land used for grazing. Pasture lands in the narrow sense are enclosed tracts of farmland, grazed by domesticated livestock, such as horses, cattle, sheep, or swine. The vegetation of tended pasture, forage, consists mainly of grasses, with an interspersion of legumes and other forbs (non-grass herbaceous plants). Pasture is typically grazed throughout the summer, in contrast to meadow which is ungrazed or used for grazing only after being mown to make hay for animal fodder. Pasture in a wider sense additionally includes rangelands, other unenclosed pastoral systems, and land types used by wild animals for grazing or browsing. Pasture lands in the narrow sense are distinguished from rangelands by being managed through more intensive agricultural practices of seeding, irrigation, and the use of fertilizers, while rangelands grow primarily native vegetation, managed with extensive practices like co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Casalis
In the Middle Ages, a ''casalis'' or ''casale'' (Latin and Italian; Old French/Spanish ''casal''), plural ''casalia'' (''casali'', ''casales''), was "a cluster of houses in a rural setting". The word is not classical Latin, but derives from the Latin word '' casa'', meaning "house". The term originated in western Europe and was also employed in the Crusader states. Depending on the situation, the terms ''feudum'', ''villa'' and '' locum suburbanum'' could by synonyms. The word ''casale'' came into use in the eighth century to refer to an isolated rural tenement or demesne. Italy The ''casale'' was the basic village unit in Tuscany from the tenth century on. They were highly discrete and stable units. During the eleventh century, churches (both public and private) proliferated and by the twelfth each ''casale'' seems to have had one, which probably fostered social cohesion and identity. In the eleventh century, the Norman conquest of southern Italy brought disruption to settlement p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gualdus
Gregorio Leti (29 May 1630 – 9 June 1701) was an Italian historian and satirist from Milan, who sometimes published under the pseudonym Abbe Gualdi, L'abbé Gualdi, or Gualdus known for his works about the Catholic Church, especially the papacy. All of his publications were listed on the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum''.Ambrosini, Maria Luisa, and Willis, Mary. 1996. ''The Secret Archives of the Vatican''. Barnes & Noble Publishing. . p. 138. Life He was born in Milan on 29 May 1630 to Girolamo Leti and Isabella Lampugnano. Leti's paternal grandfather, Marco, was in the service of Cardinal Ippolito Adobrandini for two years and was then a judge in Ancona. He married Laura Pizzi and had two children, Agostino Francesco Nicola and Girolamo. Girolamo followed a military career under the Medici. In 1628 he was sent by Ferdinando II de Medici as an infantry Captain to Milan to help the Spaniards. Here Girolamo met and married Isabella a Milanese noblewoman. From this marriage was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Curtes
The ''Notitia de actoribus regis'' ("Notice concerning royal administrators") is a series of six decrees (''praecepta'') promulgated by the Lombard king of Italy, Liutprand, around 733. Collectively they "detailed the duties and responsibilities of the men selected to administer royal ''curtes''," the men referenced as ''actores'' in the title.Everett, "Literacy and the Law", 123. Liutprand was a prolific legislator. Besides the ''Notitia'', he added 152 titles to the ''Edictum Rothari'' of his predecessor.Wickham, ''Early Medieval Italy'', 44. The ''Notitia'' is "essentially a forerunner of the Carolingian capitulary". The Latin term ''curtis'' (plural ''curtes'') originally denoted "a complex of landed property" and came during the Lombard period to refer to the house of a free man (''liber homo'') with its surrounding buildings and orchards before settling to mean the administrative centre of a lord's estates. Agricultural matters were overseen by a ''villicus'' and domestic on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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