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Abū ʿUbayd Al-Qāsim Ibn Sallām
Abu Ubaid al-Qasim ibn Sallam al-Khurasani al-Harawi ( ar, أبو عبيد القاسم بن سلاّم الخراساني الهروي, Abū ‘Ubayd al-Qāsim ibn Sallām al-Khurāsānī al-Harawī; c. 770–838) was an Arab philologist and the author of many standard books on lexicography, Qur’anic sciences, hadith, and fiqh. He was born in Herat, the son of a Byzantine slave. He left his native town and studied philology at the Basra school under many famous scholars such as al-Asmaʿi (d. 213/828), Abu ʿUbayda (d. c.210/825), and Abu Zayd al-Ansari (d. 214 or 215/830–1), and at the Kufa school under Abu ʿAmr al-Shaybani (d. c.210/825), al-Kisaʾi (d. c.189/805), and others. He was the first to develop a recorded science for tajwid In the context of the recitation of the Quran, ''tajwīd'' ( ar, تجويد ', , ' elocution') is a set of rules for the correct pronunciation of the letters with all their qualities and applying the various traditional methods of rec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Islam
Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic Monotheism#Islam, monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God in Islam, God (or ''Allah'') as it was revealed to Muhammad, the Muhammad in Islam, main and final Islamic prophet.Peters, F. E. 2009. "Allāh." In , edited by J. L. Esposito. Oxford: Oxford University Press. . (See alsoquick reference) "[T]he Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based...on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses/Moosa, Jesus/Eesa, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book.'" It is the Major religious groups, world's second-largest religion behind Christianity, w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Farra
Al-Farrā (), he was Abū Zakarīyā Yaḥyā ibn Ziyād ibn Abd Allāh ibn Manṣūr al-Daylamī al-Farrā (), was a Daylamite scholar and the principal pupil of al-Kisā’ī (). He is the most brilliant of the Kūfan scholars. Muḥammad ibn Al-Jahm quotes Ibn al-Quṭrub that it was al-Farrā’s melodic eloquence and knowledge of the pure spoken Arabic of the Bedouins and their expressions that won him special favour at the court of Hārūn al-Rashīd. He died on the way to Mecca, aged about sixty, or sixty-seven, in 822 (207 AH). Life Abū Zakarīyah ibn Ziyād al-Farrā’ was born in al-Kūfah into a family of Iranian Daylamī origin. He was a mawla (client, or, apprentice) of the Banū Minqar (), although Salamah ibn ‘Āṣim said he was called al-‘Absī (), i.e. of the Banū Abs. Abū ‘Abd Allāh ibn Muqlah () claimed Al-Yūsufī called him Yaḥyā ibn Ziyād ibn Qāwī-Bakht ibn Dāwar ibn Kūdanār. The main details of his life come from Tha‘l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
838 Deaths
__NOTOC__ Year 838 (Roman numerals, DCCCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * July 22 – Battle of Anzen, Battle of Dazimon: Caliph Al-Mu'tasim launches a major punitive expedition against the Byzantine Empire, targeting the two major Byzantine fortress cities of central Anatolia (Ankara, Ancyra and Amorium). He mobilises a vast army (80,000 men) at Tarsus, Mersin, Tarsus, which is divided into two main forces. The northern force, under commander Khaydhar ibn Kawus al-Afshin, Al-Afshin, invades the Armeniac Theme from the region of Malatya, Melitene, joining up with the forces of the city's emir, Umar al-Aqta. The southern, main force, under Al-Mu'tasim, passes the Cilician Gates into Cappadocia. Emperor Theophilos (emperor), Theophilos attacks the Abbasid Caliphate, Abbasids, inflicting 3,000 casualties, but is later heavily defeated by a counter-attack of 10,00 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
770s Births
77 may refer to: * 77 (number) * one of the years 77 BC, AD 77, 1977, 2077 Music * 77 (band), a Spanish hard rock band * ''77'' (Matt Kennon album) * '' Talking Heads: 77'', debut album by Talking Heads * ''77'' (Nude Beach album), an album by the band Nude Beach See also * '77 (other) 77 may refer to the year 1977 Events January * January 8 – Three bombs explode in Moscow within 37 minutes, killing seven. The bombings are attributed to an Armenian separatist group. * January 10 – Mount Nyiragongo erupts in easte ... * 7/7, the 7 July 2005 London bombings * * List of highways numbered {{Numberdis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tajwid
In the context of the recitation of the Quran, ''tajwīd'' ( ar, تجويد ', , ' elocution') is a set of rules for the correct pronunciation of the letters with all their qualities and applying the various traditional methods of recitation (''Qira'at''). In Arabic, the term ''tajwīd'' is derived from the verb جود (), from the triliteral root ''()'', meaning enhancement or to make something excellent. Technically, it means giving every letter its right in reciting the Qur'an. or the science of in Islam is a science by which one learns the pronunciation of Qur’anic words as pronounced by the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The beginning of the science of was when the Islamic state expanded in the third century of Hijra, where error and melody increased in the Qur’an due to the entry of many non-Arabs to Islam. So the scholars of the Qur’an began to write the rules and rules of intonation. It is said that the first person to collect the science of in his book was (774 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Kisaʾi
Al-Kisā’ī () Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Alī ibn Ḥamzah ibn ‘Abd Allāh ibn ‘Uthman (), called Bahman ibn Fīrūz (), surnamed Abū ‘Abd Allāh (), and Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Alī ibn Hamzah of al-Kūfah ( d. ca. 804 or 812) was preceptor to the sons of caliph Hārūn al-Rashīd and one of the ‘Seven Readers’ (seven canonical Qira'at) or ‘authorized’ Qur’ānic reader.Muhammad Ghoniem and MSM SaifullahThe Ten Readers & Their Transmitters (c) Islamic Awareness. Updated January 8, 2002; accessed April 11, 2016. He founded the Kufi school of Arabic grammar, the rival philology school to the Basri school founded by Sibawayh. Life A Persian native of al-Kūfah, he learned grammar from al-Ru’āsī and a group of other scholars. It is said that al-Kisā’ī took this moniker from the particular kind of mantle he wore called a kisā’. Al-Kisā’ī entered the court of the Abbāsid caliph Hārūn al-Rashīd at Baghdād as tutor to the two princes, al-Ma’mūn and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu Amr Ishaq Ibn Mirar Al-Shaybani
Abū ‘Amr Isḥaq ibn Mirār al-Shaybānī (d. 206/821, or 210/825, or 213/828, or 216/831) was a famous lexicographer-encyclopedist and collector-transmitter of Arabic poetry of the Kufan School of philology. A native of Ramādat al-Kūfah, who lived in Baghdad, he was a ''mawla'' (client) under the protection of the Banū Shaybān, hence his nisba. Descended from an Iranian landowner (''dihqān'') on his paternal side, his mother was a 'Nabataean' (an Aramaic-speaking, rural Iraqi), and he reportedly knew a little of the 'Nabataean' language (an unattested form of Aramaic). The biographers al-Nadīm and Ibn Khallikān quote a claim by Ibn al-Sikkit's that he lived to the age of one hundred and eighteen and wrote in his own hand up to his death, in 213/828. However this is disputed by a claim that he died in 206/821 aged one hundred and ten, and this latter is deemed credible. Abū 'Amr's teachers were Rukayn b. Rabī' al-Shāmī, a transmitter of ḥadīth and al-Mu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grammarians Of Kufa
Grammarian may refer to: * Alexandrine grammarians, philologists and textual scholars in Hellenistic Alexandria in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE * Biblical grammarians, scholars who study the Bible and the Hebrew language * Grammarian (Greco-Roman), a teacher in the second stage in the traditional education system * Linguist, a scientist who studies language * Philologist, a scholar of literary criticism, history, and language * Sanskrit grammarian, scholars who studied the grammar of Sanskrit * Speculative grammarians or Modistae, a 13th and 14th century school of philosophy * Grammarians of Basra, scholars of Arabic * Grammarians of Kufa, scholars of Arabic See also * Grammar, the structural rules that govern natural languages * ''Grammaticus'', a name used by several scholars * Neogrammarian The Neogrammarians (German: ''Junggrammatiker'', 'young grammarians') were a German school of linguists, originally at the University of Leipzig, in the late 19th century who proposed the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu Zayd Al-Ansari
Abū Zayd Sa’īd ibn Aws al-Anṣārī (; died 830 CE/215 AH) was an Arab linguist and a reputable narrator of hadith. Sibawayh and al-Jāḥiẓ were among his pupils. His father was Aws ibn Thabit also a hadith narrator, while his grandfather Thabit ibn Bashir was one of the three scribes who wrote down the Qur'an during Muhammad's era. He died in Basra, Iraq Basra ( ar, ٱلْبَصْرَة, al-Baṣrah) is an Iraqi city located on the Shatt al-Arab. It had an estimated population of 1.4 million in 2018. Basra is also Iraq's main port, although it does not have deep water access, which is hand .... References 830 deaths Year of birth unknown Medieval grammarians of Arabic Arab grammarians Hadith narrators {{asia-linguist-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grammarians Of Basra
The first Grammarians of Baṣra lived during the seventh century in Al-Baṣrah. The town, which developed out of a military encampment, with buildings being constructed circa 638 AD, became the intellectual hub for grammarians, linguists, poets, philologists, genealogists, traditionists, zoologists, meteorologists, and above all exegetes of Qur’ānic tafsir and Ḥadīth, from across the Islamic world. These scholars of the Islamic Golden Age were pioneers of literary style and the sciences of Arabic grammar in the broadest sense. Their teachings and writings became the canon of the Arabic language. Shortly after the Basran school's foundation, a rival school was established at al-Kūfah circa 670, by philologists known as the Grammarians of Kūfah. Intense competition arose between the two schools, and public disputations and adjudications between scholars were often held at the behest of the caliphal courts. Later many scholars moved to the court at Baghdad, where a thi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Population Of The Byzantine Empire
The population of the Byzantine Empire encompassed all ethnic and tribal groups living there, mainly Byzantine Greeks, but also Khazars, Bulgars, Turks, Armenians, Slavs, Goths, Arabs, Illyrians, Thracians, Assyrians, Tzans and other groups. It fluctuated throughout the state's millennial history. The reign of the Emperor Justinian I in the mid-sixth century was the high point of the empire's expansion; however, the arrival of plague in 541 AD and its subsequent recurrences caused a severe depletion of the population. After the reign of Emperor Heraclius () and the loss of the empire's overseas territories, Byzantium was limited to the Balkans and Anatolia Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The re .... When the empire began to recover after a series of conflicts in the 8th ce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fiqh
''Fiqh'' (; ar, فقه ) is Islamic jurisprudence. Muhammad-> Companions-> Followers-> Fiqh. The commands and prohibitions chosen by God were revealed through the agency of the Prophet in both the Quran and the Sunnah (words, deeds, and examples of the Prophet passed down as hadith). The first Muslims (the Sahabah or Companions) heard and obeyed, and passed this essence of Islam to succeeding generations (''Tabi'un'' and ''Tabi' al-Tabi'in'' or successors/followers and successors of successors), as Muslims and Islam spread from West Arabia to the conquered lands north, east, and west, Hoyland, ''In God's Path'', 2015: p.223 where it was systematized and elaborated Hawting, "John Wansbrough, Islam, and Monotheism", 2000: p.513 The history of Islamic jurisprudence is "customarily divided into eight periods": El-Gamal, ''Islamic Finance'', 2006: pp. 30–31 *the first period ending with the death of Muhammad in 11 AH. *second period "characterized by personal interp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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