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A Petition From Circassian Leaders To Her Majesty Queen Victoria
A Petition from Circassian leaders to Her Majesty Queen Victoria was a document sent by List of leaders of the Circassian Confederation, Circassian leaders to Queen Victoria on April 7, 1864 complaining about Russian genocidal actions that made up the Circassian genocide. The document requests British military aid, or in the worst case, humanitarian aid, to the Circassian people.Enclosed in Despatch No.3 From Sir Henry Bulwer to Earl Russell, Constantinople, April 12, 1864 (FO 881/1259) Only the English version of the text exists today. Presumably, however, it was written in Ottoman Turkish, and then translated to English language, English by Henry Bulwer, 1st Baron Dalling and Bulwer, Henry Bulwer, the British ambassador in Istanbul. Background During the reign of Catherine the Great, Catherine II the Russian army started entering Circassian soil and Russia started building forts in an attempt to quickly annex Circassia. Thus began the first hostilities between the Circassians a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shawwal
Shawwal ( ar, شَوَّال, ') is the tenth month of the lunar based Islamic calendar. ''Shawwāl'' stems from the verb ''shāla'' () which means to 'lift or carry', generally to take or move things from one place to another, Fasting during Shawwāl The first day of Shawwāl is Eid al-Fitr, fasting is prohibited. Some Muslims observe six days of optional fasting during Shawwāl beginning the day after Eid ul-Fitr since fasting is prohibited on this day. These six days of fasting together with the Ramadan fasts, are equivalent to fasting all year round. The reasoning behind this tradition is that a good deed in Islam is rewarded 10 times, hence fasting 30 days during Ramadan and 6 days during Shawwāl is equivalent to fasting the whole year in fulfillment of the obligation. The Shia scholars do not place any emphasis on the six days being consecutive while among the Sunnis the majority of Shafi`i scholars consider it recommended to fast these days consecutively. They based this ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |