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Atrocity Crimes During The Russo-Ukrainian War
Atrocity crimes have been committed during the Russo–Ukrainian War, chiefly by the Russian Federation and its proxy forces in Ukraine's Donbas region, but also by Ukraine. Atrocity crimes is a legally defined group of offences against international law, that includes war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide, and is often considered to include the non-legally defined ethnic cleansing. Since the 2014 Russian invasion and annexation of Crimea, the war in Donbas, and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, numerous atrocity crimes have been identified, and some are being or have been tried in courts. See also War crimes and crimes against humanity * Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas * * Sexual violence in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine * Torture in Ukraine * Ukrainian cultural heritage during the 2022 Russian invasion * War crimes in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian authorities a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mass Atrocity Crimes
An atrocity crime is a violation of international criminal law that falls under the historically three legally defined international crimes of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. Ethnic cleansing is widely regarded as a fourth mass atrocity crime by legal scholars and international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working in the field, despite not yet being recognized as an independent crime under international law.Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, ''Background Briefing: Defining the Four Mass Atrocity Crimes'', Publications (Aug. 15, 2018), http://www.globalr2p.org/publications/688; Global Action against Mass Atrocity Crimes, ''Prevention of Atrocities'', About GAAMAC, https://www.gaamac.org/web-pages/view/16 Crimes of aggression are considered by some to be mass atrocity crimes and they are included in the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court. However, most legal scholars do not consider them to be mass atrocity crimes. While it is c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Humanitarian Situation During The War In Donbas
During the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War between the Ukrainian government forces and pro-Russian separatists in the Donbas region of Ukraine that began in April 2014, many international organisations and states noted a deteriorating humanitarian situation in the conflict zone. A May 2014 report by the United Nations said there had been an "alarming deterioration" in human rights in territory held by Russian separatists affiliated with the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and Luhansk People's Republic (LPR). The UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine (HRMMU) reported growing lawlessness in the region, documenting cases of targeted killings, torture, and abduction. HRMMU also reported threats against, attacks on, and abductions of journalists and international observers, as well as the beatings and attacks on supporters of Ukrainian unity. A report by Human Rights Watch said "Anti-Kiev forces in eastern Ukraine are abducting, attacking, and harassing people they suspect of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethnic Cleansing
Ethnic cleansing is the systematic forced removal of ethnic, racial, and religious groups from a given area, with the intent of making a region ethnically homogeneous. Along with direct removal, extermination, deportation or population transfer, it also includes indirect methods aimed at forced migration by coercing the victim group to flee and preventing its return, such as murder, rape, and property destruction. It constitutes a crime against humanity and may also fall under the Genocide Convention, even as ''ethnic cleansing'' has no legal definition under international criminal law. Many instances of ethnic cleansing have occurred throughout history; the term was first used by the perpetrators as a euphemism during the Yugoslav Wars in the 1990s. Since then, the term has gained widespread acceptance due to journalism and the media's heightened use of the term in its generic meaning. Etymology An antecedent to the term is the Greek word (; lit. "enslavement"), which was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crimes Against Humanity
Crimes against humanity are widespread or systemic acts committed by or on behalf of a ''de facto'' authority, usually a state, that grossly violate human rights. Unlike war crimes, crimes against humanity do not have to take place within the context of war, and apply to widespread practices rather than acts committed by individuals. Although crimes against humanity apply to acts committed by or on behalf of authorities, they need not be official policy, and require only tolerance rather than explicit approval. The first prosecution for crimes against humanity took place at the Nuremberg trials. Initially being considered for legal use, widely in international law, following the Holocaust a global standard of human rights was articulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). Political groups or states that violate or incite violation of human rights norms, as found in the Declaration, are an expression of the political pathologies associated with crimes against hu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
War Crimes In Ukraine
War is an intense armed conflict between states, governments, societies, or paramilitary groups such as mercenaries, insurgents, and militias. It is generally characterized by extreme violence, destruction, and mortality, using regular or irregular military forces. Warfare refers to the common activities and characteristics of types of war, or of wars in general. Total war is warfare that is not restricted to purely legitimate military targets, and can result in massive civilian or other non-combatant suffering and casualties. While some war studies scholars consider war a universal and ancestral aspect of human nature, others argue it is a result of specific socio-cultural, economic or ecological circumstances. Etymology The English word ''war'' derives from the 11th-century Old English words ''wyrre'' and ''werre'', from Old French ''werre'' (also ''guerre'' as in modern French), in turn from the Frankish *''werra'', ultimately deriving from the Proto-Germanic *''w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Accusations Of Genocide In Donbas
False accusations of genocide in Donbas have been made by Russia against Ukraine since 2014. Russian propaganda has claimed that Ukrainian authorities have undertaken measures amidst the War in Donbas that amount to genocide against the Russian speakers of Ukraine. Russian president Vladimir Putin cited the phenomenon as one of his many charges in support of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, a large-scale escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War. Following the invasion, Ukraine brought a case before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) concerning Russia's military activities in Ukraine. During the proceedings of ''Ukraine v. Russian Federation'', the ICJ found no evidence to support the Russian accusation of genocide, and subsequently ordered Russia to "immediately suspend the military operations" of the invasion. Further reports by 30 legal and genocide scholars warned that Russian accusations against Ukraine are part of the "accusation in a mirror" technique, ultimately revea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Claims Of Genocide Of Ukrainians In The 2022 Russian Invasion Of Ukraine
During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, national parliaments including those of Poland, Ukraine, Canada, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Republic of Ireland declared that genocide was taking place. Scholars of genocide, including Eugene Finkel, Timothy D. Snyder and Gregory Stanton; legal experts Zakhar Tropin; and a comprehensive report by the Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights claimed that along with the acts required by the definition of genocide, there was genocidal intent, together establishing genocide. Human rights lawyer Juan E. Méndez stated on 4 March 2022 that the genocide claim was worth investigating, but should not be presumed; and genocide scholar Alexander Hinton stated on 13 April that Russian president Vladimir Putin's genocidal rhetoric would have to be linked to the war crimes in order to establish genocidal intent, but it is "quite likely" that Russia is committing genocide in Ukraine. War crimes committed by Russian forces include sexua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Allegations Of Child Abductions In The 2022 Russian Invasion Of Ukraine
During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, thousands of Ukrainian children have been abducted, deported, and forcibly adopted to the Russian Federation. The United Nations has declared that allegations are "credible", and that Russian forces have sent Ukrainian children to Russia for adoption as part of a large scale program. An Associated Press investigation confirmed that Russian forces forcibly resettled Ukrainian children without their consent, lied to them that their parents rejected them, used them for propaganda, established summer camps for Ukrainian orphans and "patriotic education", and Russified them by giving them a Russian citizenship and parents, with the aim to erase their Ukrainian identity. Estimates of the number of deported Ukrainian children to Russia range from 13,000 to 307,000, without any indication as to when they could return to their home cities. The Ukrainian Office of the Prosecutor General also claimed that nearly 800 children had died or disappear ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
War Crimes In The 2022 Russian Invasion Of Ukraine
During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian authorities and armed forces have committed multiple war crimes in the form of deliberate attacks against civilian targets, massacres of civilians, torture and rape of women and children, and indiscriminate attacks in densely populated areas. The Russian military exposed the civilian population to unnecessary and disproportionate harm by using cluster munitions and by firing other explosive weapons with wide-area effects such as bombs, missiles, heavy artillery shells and multiple launch rockets. The result of the Russian forces' attacks has been damage and destruction to civilian buildings including houses, hospitals, schools, kindergartens, nuclear power plants, historic buildings, and churches. As of late October, the attacks had resulted in the documented death or injury of more than 10,000 civilians including the deaths of 430 children, although the actual numbers are likely much higher. After the Russian withdrawa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ukrainian Cultural Heritage During The 2022 Russian Invasion
Russia began an 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War that began in 2014. It is the largest military attack in Europe since World War II. During the fighting, many pieces of Ukrainian cultural heritage were either destroyed, damaged, or put at risk due to the widespread destruction across the country. This deliberate destruction and Art theft and looting by Russia during the invasion of Ukraine, looting of over 500 Ukrainian cultural heritage sites is considered a war crime and has been described by Ukraine's Minister of Culture as cultural genocide. Legal protections Cultural property enjoys special protection under international humanitarian law. Protocol I of the Geneva Conventions, Geneva Convention and the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (both binding on Ukraine and Russia) prohibit states parties to use historic monuments in support o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Torture In Ukraine
Human rights in Ukraine is a highly contested topic. Since 2017, Freedom House has given Ukraine ratings from 60 to 62 on its 100-point scale, and a "partly free" overall rating. Ratings on electoral processes have generally been good, but there are problems with corruption and due process. Background Prior to 1991 As part of the Soviet Union, all human rights were severely limited. The Soviet Union was a one-party state until 1990 and a totalitarian state from 1927 until 1953 where members of the Communist Party held all key positions in the institutions of the state and other organizations. Freedom of speech was suppressed and dissent was punished. Independent political activities were not tolerated, whether these involved participation in free labor unions, private corporations, independent churches or opposition political parties. The freedom of movement within and especially outside the country was limited. 1991-2014 In 1991 Ukraine declared independence. The referen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sexual Violence In The 2022 Russian Invasion Of Ukraine
Sexual violence in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine has been committed by Armed Forces of Russia, including the use of mass rape as a weapon of war. According to the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine, the victims of sexual assault by Russian soldiers ranged from 4 years old to over 80 years old. The United Nations Human Rights High Commissioner issued a report on human rights violations and war crimes in October 2022; in the opening summary section, it stated, "Furthermore, the Commission documented patterns of summary executions, unlawful confinement, torture, ill-treatment, and rape and other sexual violence committed in areas occupied by Russian armed forces across the four provinces on which it focused. People have been detained, some have been unlawfully deported to the Russian Federation, and many are still reported missing. Sexual violence has affected victims of all ages. Victims, including children, were sometimes forced to witness the cri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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