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Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Codes
An atmospheric radiative transfer model, code, or simulator calculates radiative transfer of electromagnetic radiation through a planetary atmosphere. Methods At the core of a radiative transfer model lies the radiative transfer equation that is numerically solved using a solver such as a discrete ordinate method or a Monte Carlo method. The radiative transfer equation is a monochromatic equation to calculate radiance in a single layer of the Earth's atmosphere. To calculate the radiance for a spectral region with a finite width (e.g., to estimate the Earth's energy budget or simulate an instrument response), one has to integrate this over a band of frequencies (or wavelengths). The most exact way to do this is to loop through the frequencies of interest, and for each frequency, calculate the radiance at this frequency. For this, one needs to calculate the contribution of each spectral line for all molecules in the atmospheric layer; this is called a ''line-by-line'' calculatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radiative Transfer
Radiative transfer is the physical phenomenon of energy transfer in the form of electromagnetic radiation. The propagation of radiation through a medium is affected by absorption, emission, and scattering processes. The equation of radiative transfer describes these interactions mathematically. Equations of radiative transfer have application in a wide variety of subjects including optics, astrophysics, atmospheric science, and remote sensing. Analytic solutions to the radiative transfer equation (RTE) exist for simple cases but for more realistic media, with complex multiple scattering effects, numerical methods are required. The present article is largely focused on the condition of radiative equilibrium. Definitions The fundamental quantity that describes a field of radiation is called spectral radiance in radiometric terms (in other fields it is often called specific intensity). For a very small area element in the radiation field, there can be electromagnetic radiat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Renewable Energy
Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources that are naturally replenished on a human timescale. It includes sources such as sunlight, wind, the movement of water, and geothermal heat. Although most renewable energy sources are sustainable, some are not. For example, some biomass sources are considered unsustainable at current rates of exploitation. Renewable energy often provides energy for electricity generation to a grid, air and water heating/cooling, and stand-alone power systems. Renewable energy technology projects are typically large-scale, but they are also suited to rural and remote areas and developing countries, where energy is often crucial in human development. Renewable energy is often deployed together with further electrification, which has several benefits: electricity can move heat or objects efficiently, and is clean at the point of consumption. In addition, electrification with renewable energy is more efficient and therefore ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eriksson2011
Eriksson is a common Swedish language, Swedish patronymic surname meaning "son of Erik", itself an Old Norse given name. There are other spelling variations of this surname (123 228 people in Sweden) such as Erikson (419), Ericson (3 442), Ericsson (5 730) and Erixon (55). Erikson is uncommon as a given name. Notable people with the surname include: * Amalia Eriksson (1824–1923), Swedish businesswoman * Anders Eriksson (ice hockey, born 1975), Anders Eriksson, born 1975, Swedish ice hockey player * Anders Eriksson (ice hockey, born 1985), Anders Eriksson, born 1985, Swedish ice hockey player * Åsa Eriksson (politician), Åsa Eriksson (born 1972), Swedish politician * Charlotta Eriksson (1794–1862), Swedish actress * Clas Eriksson, Swedish ice hockey player * Dan-Ola Eriksson (born 1963), Swedish curler * Erik Homburger Erikson (born 1902), Developmental psychology, developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst * Felix Eriksson (ice hockey) (born 1992), Swedish professional ice ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ARTS (radiative Transfer Code)
ARTS (Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator) is a widely used atmospheric radiative transfer simulator for infrared, microwave, and sub-millimeter wavelengths. While the model is developed by a community, core development is done by the University of Hamburg and Chalmers University, with previous participation from Luleå University of Technology and University of Bremen. Whereas most radiative transfer models are developed for a specific instrument, ARTS is one of few models that aims to be generically applicable. It is designed from basic physical principles and has been used in a wide range of situations. It supports fully polarised radiative transfer calculations in clear-sky or cloudy conditions in 1-D, 2-D, or 3-D geometries, including the calculations of Jacobians. Cloudy simulations support liquid and ice clouds with particles of varying sizes and shapes and supports multiple-scattering simulations. Absorption is calculated line-by-line, with continua or using a lookup ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
6S (radiative Transfer Code)
{{No footnotes, date=December 2008 6SV1 (Second Simulation of a Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum, Vector, version 1) is an advanced radiative transfer code designed to simulate the reflection of solar radiation by a coupled atmosphere-surface system for a wide range of atmospheric, spectral and geometrical conditions. It belongs to the group of procedures called Atmospheric correction for the process of removing the effects of the atmosphere on the reflectance values of images taken by satellite or airborne sensors. The code operates on the basis of an SOS (successive orders of scattering) method and accounts for the polarization of radiation in the atmosphere through the calculation of the Q and U components of the Stokes vector. It is a basic code for the calculation of look-up tables in the MODIS atmospheric correction algorithm. See also * List of atmospheric radiative transfer codes References * S.Y. Kotchenova, E.F. Vermote, R. Matarrese, & F.J. Klemm, Jr., Valid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
4A/OP
4A/OP or, Automatized Atmospheric Absorption Atlas, is an operational fast and accurate radiative transfer model for the infrared. 4A/OP is a user-friendly software for various scientific applications (surface, balloon or space-based observations), co-developed by LMD ( Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique) and NOVELTIS with the support of CNES (the French Space Agency). NOVELTIS is in charge of the industrialization and the distribution of the LMD 4A radiative transfer model. 4A allows fast and accurate computation of transmittance and radiance, owing to the use of a comprehensive database (atlases) of monochromatic optical thicknesses for up to 43 atmospheric molecular species. Precomputed once and for all, the atlases are created by using the line-by-line and layer-by-layer model, STRANSAC, with up to date physics. Owing to the computation of Jacobians (partial derivatives of the radiance with respect to atmospheric variables), the 4A model can be easily coupled with an inver ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parametrization (climate)
Parameterization in a Atmospheric model, weather or climate model in the context of numerical weather prediction is a method of replacing processes that are too small-scale or complex to be physically represented in the model by a simplified process. This can be contrasted with other processes—e.g., large-scale flow of the atmosphere—that are explicitly resolved within the models. Associated with these parameterizations are various ''parameters'' used in the simplified processes. Examples include the descent rate of raindrops, convective clouds, simplifications of the atmospheric radiative transfer on the basis of atmospheric radiative transfer codes, and cloud microphysics. Radiative parameterizations are important to both atmospheric and oceanic modeling alike. Atmospheric emissions from different sources within individual grid boxes also need to be parameterized to determine their impact on air quality. Clouds Weather and climate model gridboxes have sides of between an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clouds
In meteorology, a cloud is an aerosol consisting of a visible mass of miniature liquid droplets, frozen crystals, or other particles suspended in the atmosphere of a planetary body or similar space. Water or various other chemicals may compose the droplets and crystals. On Earth, clouds are formed as a result of saturation of the air when it is cooled to its dew point, or when it gains sufficient moisture (usually in the form of water vapor) from an adjacent source to raise the dew point to the ambient temperature. They are seen in the Earth's homosphere, which includes the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere. Nephology is the science of clouds, which is undertaken in the cloud physics branch of meteorology. There are two methods of naming clouds in their respective layers of the homosphere, Latin and common name. Genus types in the troposphere, the atmospheric layer closest to Earth's surface, have Latin names because of the universal adoption of Luke Howard's n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aerosols
An aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas. Aerosols can be natural or anthropogenic. Examples of natural aerosols are fog or mist, dust, forest exudates, and geyser steam. Examples of anthropogenic aerosols include particulate air pollutants, mist from the discharge at hydroelectric dams, irrigation mist, perfume from atomizers, smoke, steam from a kettle, sprayed pesticides, and medical treatments for respiratory illnesses. When a person inhales the contents of a vape pen or e-cigarette, they are inhaling an anthropogenic aerosol. The liquid or solid particles in an aerosol have diameters typically less than 1 μm (larger particles with a significant settling speed make the mixture a suspension, but the distinction is not clear-cut). In general conversation, ''aerosol'' often refers to a dispensing system that delivers a consumer product from a can. Diseases can spread by means of small droplets in the breat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
