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Antoine's Horned Sphere
In mathematics Antoine's necklace is a topological embedding of the Cantor set in 3-dimensional Euclidean space, whose complement is not simply connected. It also serves as a counterexample to the claim that all Cantor spaces are ambiently homeomorphic to each other. It was discovered by . Construction Antoine's necklace is constructed iteratively like so: Begin with a solid torus ''A''0 (iteration 0). Next, construct a "necklace" of smaller, linked tori that lie inside ''A''0. This necklace is ''A''1 (iteration 1). Each torus composing ''A''1 can be replaced with another smaller necklace as was done for ''A''0. Doing this yields ''A''2 (iteration 2). This process can be repeated a countably infinite number of times to create an ''A''''n'' for all ''n''. Antoine's necklace ''A'' is defined as the intersection of all the iterations. Properties Since the solid tori are chosen to become arbitrarily small as the iteration number increases, the connected components of ''A'' must be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cantor Set
In mathematics, the Cantor set is a set of points lying on a single line segment that has a number of unintuitive properties. It was discovered in 1874 by Henry John Stephen Smith and introduced by German mathematician Georg Cantor in 1883. Through consideration of this set, Cantor and others helped lay the foundations of modern point-set topology. The most common construction is the Cantor ternary set, built by removing the middle third of a line segment and then repeating the process with the remaining shorter segments. Cantor mentioned the ternary construction only in passing, as an example of a more general idea, that of a perfect set that is nowhere dense. More generally, in topology, ''a'' Cantor space is a topological space homeomorphic to the Cantor ternary set (equipped with its subspace topology). By a theorem of Brouwer, this is equivalent to being perfect nonempty, compact metrizable and zero dimensional. Construction and formula of the ternary set The Cantor tern ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Simply Connected
In topology, a topological space is called simply connected (or 1-connected, or 1-simply connected) if it is path-connected and every path between two points can be continuously transformed (intuitively for embedded spaces, staying within the space) into any other such path while preserving the two endpoints in question. The fundamental group of a topological space is an indicator of the failure for the space to be simply connected: a path-connected topological space is simply connected if and only if its fundamental group is trivial. Definition and equivalent formulations A topological space X is called if it is path-connected and any loop in X defined by f : S^1 \to X can be contracted to a point: there exists a continuous map F : D^2 \to X such that F restricted to S^1 is f. Here, S^1 and D^2 denotes the unit circle and closed unit disk in the Euclidean plane respectively. An equivalent formulation is this: X is simply connected if and only if it is path-connected, and whenev ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cantor Space
In mathematics, a Cantor space, named for Georg Cantor, is a topological abstraction of the classical Cantor set: a topological space is a Cantor space if it is homeomorphic to the Cantor set. In set theory, the topological space 2ω is called "the" Cantor space. Examples The Cantor set itself is a Cantor space. But the canonical example of a Cantor space is the countably infinite topological product of the discrete 2-point space . This is usually written as 2^\mathbb or 2ω (where 2 denotes the 2-element set with the discrete topology). A point in 2ω is an infinite binary sequence, that is a sequence which assumes only the values 0 or 1. Given such a sequence ''a''0, ''a''1, ''a''2,..., one can map it to the real number :\sum_^\infty \frac. This mapping gives a homeomorphism from 2ω onto the Cantor set, demonstrating that 2ω is indeed a Cantor space. Cantor spaces occur abundantly in real analysis. For example, they exist as subspaces in every perfect, complete metric ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Solid Torus
In mathematics, a solid torus is the topological space formed by sweeping a disk around a circle. It is homeomorphic to the Cartesian product S^1 \times D^2 of the disk and the circle, endowed with the product topology. A standard way to visualize a solid torus is as a toroid, embedded in 3-space. However, it should be distinguished from a torus, which has the same visual appearance: the torus is the two-dimensional space on the boundary of a toroid, while the solid torus includes also the compact interior space enclosed by the torus. Topological properties The solid torus is a connected, compact, orientable 3-dimensional manifold with boundary. The boundary is homeomorphic to S^1 \times S^1, the ordinary torus. Since the disk D^2 is contractible, the solid torus has the homotopy type of a circle, S^1.. Therefore the fundamental group and homology groups are isomorphic to those of the circle: \begin \pi_1\left(S^1 \times D^2\right) &\cong \pi_1\left(S^1\right) \cong \mathbb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Closure (mathematics)
In mathematics, a subset of a given set is closed under an operation of the larger set if performing that operation on members of the subset always produces a member of that subset. For example, the natural numbers are closed under addition, but not under subtraction: is not a natural number, although both 1 and 2 are. Similarly, a subset is said to be closed under a ''collection'' of operations if it is closed under each of the operations individually. The closure of a subset is the result of a closure operator applied to the subset. The ''closure'' of a subset under some operations is the smallest subset that is closed under these operations. It is often called the ''span'' (for example linear span) or the ''generated set''. Definitions Let be a set equipped with one or several methods for producing elements of from other elements of . Operations and (partial) multivariate function are examples of such methods. If is a topological space, the limit of a sequence of element ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dense-in-itself
In general topology, a subset A of a topological space is said to be dense-in-itself or crowded if A has no isolated point. Equivalently, A is dense-in-itself if every point of A is a limit point of A. Thus A is dense-in-itself if and only if A\subseteq A', where A' is the derived set of A. A dense-in-itself closed set is called a perfect set. (In other words, a perfect set is a closed set without isolated point.) The notion of dense set is unrelated to ''dense-in-itself''. This can sometimes be confusing, as "X is dense in X" (always true) is not the same as "X is dense-in-itself" (no isolated point). Examples A simple example of a set that is dense-in-itself but not closed (and hence not a perfect set) is the set of irrational numbers (considered as a subset of the real numbers). This set is dense-in-itself because every neighborhood of an irrational number x contains at least one other irrational number y \neq x. On the other hand, the set of irrationals is not closed becau ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Totally Disconnected
In topology and related branches of mathematics, a totally disconnected space is a topological space that has only singletons as connected subsets. In every topological space, the singletons (and, when it is considered connected, the empty set) are connected; in a totally disconnected space, these are the ''only'' connected proper subsets. An important example of a totally disconnected space is the Cantor set, which is homeomorphic to the set of ''p''-adic integers. Another example, playing a key role in algebraic number theory, is the field of ''p''-adic numbers. Definition A topological space X is totally disconnected if the connected components in X are the one-point sets. Analogously, a topological space X is totally path-disconnected if all path-components in X are the one-point sets. Another closely related notion is that of a totally separated space, i.e. a space where quasicomponents are singletons. That is, a topological space X is totally separated space if ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cardinality Of The Continuum
In set theory, the cardinality of the continuum is the cardinality or "size" of the set of real numbers \mathbb R, sometimes called the continuum. It is an infinite cardinal number and is denoted by \mathfrak c (lowercase fraktur "c") or , \mathbb R, . The real numbers \mathbb R are more numerous than the natural numbers \mathbb N. Moreover, \mathbb R has the same number of elements as the power set of \mathbb N. Symbolically, if the cardinality of \mathbb N is denoted as \aleph_0, the cardinality of the continuum is This was proven by Georg Cantor in his uncountability proof of 1874, part of his groundbreaking study of different infinities. The inequality was later stated more simply in his diagonal argument in 1891. Cantor defined cardinality in terms of bijective functions: two sets have the same cardinality if, and only if, there exists a bijective function between them. Between any two real numbers ''a'' \mathfrak c . Alternative explanation for 𝔠 = 2ℵ0 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Line Segment
In geometry, a line segment is a part of a straight line that is bounded by two distinct end points, and contains every point on the line that is between its endpoints. The length of a line segment is given by the Euclidean distance between its endpoints. A closed line segment includes both endpoints, while an open line segment excludes both endpoints; a half-open line segment includes exactly one of the endpoints. In geometry, a line segment is often denoted using a line above the symbols for the two endpoints (such as \overline). Examples of line segments include the sides of a triangle or square. More generally, when both of the segment's end points are vertices of a polygon or polyhedron, the line segment is either an edge (geometry), edge (of that polygon or polyhedron) if they are adjacent vertices, or a diagonal. When the end points both lie on a curve (such as a circle), a line segment is called a chord (geometry), chord (of that curve). In real or complex vector spa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander's Horned Sphere
The Alexander horned sphere is a pathological object in topology discovered by . Construction The Alexander horned sphere is the particular embedding of a sphere in 3-dimensional Euclidean space obtained by the following construction, starting with a standard torus:. #Remove a radial slice of the torus. #Connect a standard punctured torus to each side of the cut, interlinked with the torus on the other side. #Repeat steps 1–2 on the two tori just added ''ad infinitum''. By considering only the points of the tori that are not removed at some stage, an embedding results in the sphere with a Cantor set removed. This embedding extends to the whole sphere, since points approaching two different points of the Cantor set will be at least a fixed distance apart in the construction. Impact on theory The horned sphere, together with its inside, is a topological 3-ball, the Alexander horned ball, and so is simply connected; i.e., every loop can be shrunk to a point while staying insid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wild Knot
Wild, wild, wilds or wild may refer to: Common meanings * Wild animal * Wilderness, a wild natural environment * Wildness, the quality of being wild or untamed Art, media and entertainment Film and television * ''Wild'' (2014 film), a 2014 American film from the 2012 book * ''Wild'' (2016 film), a 2016 German film * ''The Wild'', a 2006 Disney 3D animation film * ''Wild'' (TV series), a 2006 American documentary television series * The Wilds (TV series), a 2020 fictional television series Literature * '' Wild: From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail'' a 2012 non-fiction book by Cheryl Strayed * ''Wild, An elemental Journey'', a 2006 autobiographical book by Jay Griffiths * ''The Wild'' (novel), a 1991 novel by Whitley Strieber * ''The Wild'', a science fiction novel by David Zindell * ''The Wilds'', a 1998 limited-edition horror novel by Richard Laymon Music * ''Wild'' (band), a five-piece classical female group Albums and EPs * ''Wild'' (EP), 2015 * ''Wild'', a 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hawaiian Earring
In mathematics, the Hawaiian earring \mathbb is the topological space defined by the union of circles in the Euclidean plane \R^2 with center \left(\tfrac,0\right) and radius \tfrac for n = 1, 2, 3, \ldots endowed with the subspace topology: :\mathbb=\bigcup_^\left\ The space \mathbb is homeomorphic to the one-point compactification of the union of a countable family of disjoint open intervals. The Hawaiian earring is a one-dimensional, compact, locally path-connected metrizable space. Although \mathbb is locally homeomorphic to \R at all non-origin points, \mathbb is not semi-locally simply connected at (0,0). Therefore, \mathbb does not have a simply connected covering space and is usually given as the simplest example of a space with this complication. The Hawaiian earring looks very similar to the wedge sum of countably infinitely many circles; that is, the rose with infinitely many petals, but these two spaces are not homeomorphic. The difference between their topologi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
