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Anjouan Independence Referendum, 1997
An independence referendum was held on Anjouan, an island in the Comoros, on 26 October 1997. Over 99% of voters voted in favour of independence. However, the vote was not recognised and the island returned to the control of the Comorian government in 2001. Background In July 1997 opposition parties were banned and Anjouan separatist leader Abdallah Ibrahim was arrested. His arrest led to rioting in Mutsamudu, the capital of Anjouan.Tom Lansford (2015) ''Political Handbook of the World 2015'', CQ Press Following the riots, militants from the Anjouan People's Movement took over the island, and declared independence on 3 August 1997. Ibrahim was released from prison and named President. At the same time, the island of Mohéli also declared independence. On 3 October the Comorian army attempted to invade the island, but were repulsed by local troops. A referendum was subsequently called by Ibrahim despite opposition from the Organisation for African Unity and the Arab League. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Independence Referendum
An independence referendum is a type of referendum in which the residents of a territory decide whether the territory should become an Independence, independent sovereign state. An independence referendum that results in a vote for independence does not always ultimately result in independence. Procedure An independence referendum typically arises first after political success for nationalism, nationalists of a territory. This could come in the election of politicians or parties with separatism, separatist policies, or from pressure from list of nationalist organizations, nationalist organisations. Negotiations Negotiations for the terms of an independence referendum may take place between the nationalists and the government which exercises sovereignty over the territory. If terms can be agreed, then the independence referendum can be held with its result binding, and respected by the international community. Independence referendums can be held without the consent of a nationa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anjouan
Anjouan (; also known as Ndzuwani or Nzwani, and historically as Johanna or Hinzuan) is an autonomous high island in the Indian Ocean that forms part of the Union of the Comoros. Its chief town is Mutsamudu and, , its population is around 277,500. The total area of the island is 424 square kilometers (163 square miles). History Early and colonial history The first inhabitants of the island were explorers and immigrants from Indonesia and Polynesia. After that Bantu people arrived. Then people all around the Indian Ocean began to come to Anjouan and the Comoro Islands. In about 1500, the Sultanate of Ndzuwani (Anjouan) was founded, which took over the entire island (for further information see: List of sultans on the Comoros). The sultanate was the most powerful of all the Comorian sultanates. In 1816, Sultan Alawi bin Husain requested French assistance against the Sultanate of Zanzibar which was threatening his domain. The island came under French protection in 1886. France a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Comoros
The Comoros,, ' officially the Union of the Comoros,; ar, الاتحاد القمري ' is an independent country made up of three islands in southeastern Africa, located at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean. Its capital and largest city is Moroni. The religion of the majority of the population, and the official state religion, is Sunni Islam. As a member of the Arab League, it is the only country in the Arab world which is entirely in the Southern Hemisphere. Comoros proclaimed their independence on July 6, 1975. It is also a member state of the African Union, the ''Organisation internationale de la Francophonie'', the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and the Indian Ocean Commission. The country has three official languages: Chi Comori, French and Arabic. The sovereign state consists of three major islands and numerous smaller islands, all in the volcanic Comoro Islands with the notable exception of Mayotte. Mayotte voted against inde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abdallah Ibrahim (Comorian Politician)
Abdallah Ibrahim (; 24 August 1918, in Tameslouht– 11 September 2005, in Casablanca) was a Moroccan politician and a figure of the national movement and was the left-wing Prime Minister of Morocco between December 16, 1958, and May 20, 1960. He was the 3rd prime minister of Morocco and served under king Mohammed V. He also served as the foreign minister from 1958 to 1960. Early life He was born in Tameslouht, a village near Marrakech into a modest and respected family. His father, a Sharif (descendant of the Prophet), lived from the fur trade. He attended the Ben Youssef Madrasa, which will host future resistance leaders such as, Basri, Bensaid, Jebli, but also the trade unionist Noubir Amaoui and the Islamist leader Abdesslam Yassine. At that time, Marrakech lived under the de facto rule of the famous Thami El Glaoui. The curfew, established since the advent of the protectorate (1912), will be maintained there until independence. It was then that Abdellah gave the measu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mutsamudu
Mutsamudu is the second-largest city in the Comoros. It is also the capital and largest city on the island of Anjouan as well the former home of former Comorian president Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi. It now houses a deep water port, an ancient citadel, and narrow streets with many shops and small crafts. The population in 2010 stood at 25,471. History Mutsamudu was likely founded in 1482. It grew into a prosperous Swahili people, Swahili port, funneling traffic between the Swahili ports of Mozambique and Madagascar. Later Arab, Persian, Indian, Somali, and Malagasy sailors and traders settled in the town. By the 1700s, it was the most prosperous town in the Comoros Archipelago. During an expedition along the Swahili Coast in 1773, the commissioner Frederick Holtzappel visited the town. He expressed his admiration, noting that the houses were built with stone, whitewashed inside and out, had plank painted ceilings, and were thatched with coconut leaves. He also observed several ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anjouan People's Movement
Anjouan (; also known as Ndzuwani or Nzwani, and historically as Johanna or Hinzuan) is an autonomous high island in the Indian Ocean that forms part of the Union of the Comoros. Its chief town is Mutsamudu and, , its population is around 277,500. The total area of the island is 424 square kilometers (163 square miles). History Early and colonial history The first inhabitants of the island were explorers and immigrants from Indonesia and Polynesia. After that Bantu people arrived. Then people all around the Indian Ocean began to come to Anjouan and the Comoro Islands. In about 1500, the Sultanate of Ndzuwani (Anjouan) was founded, which took over the entire island (for further information see: List of sultans on the Comoros). The sultanate was the most powerful of all the Comorian sultanates. In 1816, Sultan Alawi bin Husain requested French assistance against the Sultanate of Zanzibar which was threatening his domain. The island came under French protection in 1886. France ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mohéli
Mohéli , also known as Mwali, is an autonomous island that forms part of the Comoros, Union of the Comoros. It is the smallest of the three major islands in the country. It is located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Africa and it is the smallest of the four major Comoro Islands. Its capital and largest city is Fomboni. History Until 1830, Mohéli was part of the Ndzuwani Sultanate, which also controlled the neighbouring island of Anjouan. In 1830, migrants from Madagascar led by Abderremane, Sultan of Mohéli, Ramanetaka, who later changed his name to Abderemane, took over the island and established the sultanate of Mwali. In the mid-nineteenth century its ruler was Queen Jumbe-Souli. In 1886, France made the island a protectorate. Until 1889, Mwali had its own French Resident (title)#French colonial Residents, resident, but the island was then subjugated to the residency of Anjouan. The sultanate was crushed in 1909 when the French annexed the island. French colonial s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organisation For African Unity
The Organisation of African Unity (OAU; french: Organisation de l'unité africaine, OUA) was an intergovernmental organization established on 25 May 1963 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, with 32 signatory governments. One of the main heads for OAU's establishment was Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. It was disbanded on 9 July 2002 by its last chairman, South African President Thabo Mbeki, and replaced by the African Union (AU). Some of the key aims of the OAU were to encourage political and economic integration among member states, and to eradicate colonialism and neo-colonialism from the African continent. The absence of an armed force like that of the United Nations left the organization with no means to enforce its decisions. It was also not willing to become involved in the internal affairs of member nations prompting some critics to claim the OAU as a forum for rhetoric, not action. Recognizing this, the OAU in September 1999 issued the Declaration, calling for a new body to take its pla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arab League
The Arab League ( ar, الجامعة العربية, ' ), formally the League of Arab States ( ar, جامعة الدول العربية, '), is a regional organization in the Arab world, which is located in Northern Africa, Western Africa, Eastern Africa, and Western Asia. The Arab League was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945, initially with six members: Kingdom of Egypt, Egypt, Kingdom of Iraq (1932–1958), Iraq, Emirate of Transjordan, Transjordan (renamed Jordan in 1949), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Yemen joined as a member on 5 May 1945. Currently, the League has member states of the Arab League, 22 members, but Syria's participation has been suspended since November 2011. The League's main goal is to "draw closer the relations between member states and co-ordinate collaboration between them, to safeguard their independence and sovereignty, and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries". The organization has received a relatively l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim
Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim ( ar, محمد تقي عبد الكريم 20 February 1936 – 6 November 1998) was President of the Comoros from 25 March 1996 until his death on 6 November 1998. Life He was born in Mbeni, Grande Comore and issued family privileges, he was the beneficiary of Djumbé Fumu, descendant of Sultan Msa Fumu. He studied in Madagascar as a child then went to France to continue his education and obtain an engineering degree in public works. Returning to Grande Comore, Said Mohamed Cheikh made him responsible for the public works in Anjouan where he made the acquaintance of Ahmed Abdallah. Career positions *1970 : Minister of Development under the second government of Said Ibrahim Ben Ali *1971 : Minister of Education *1972 : Minister of Rural Development under the government of Saïd Mohamed Jaffar *1973 : Minister of Special Planning under Ahmed Abdallah *1975 : Minister of the Interior He took refuge in Mbeni under the regime of Ali Soilih, resisting ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1998 Anjouan Constitutional Referendum
1998 was designated as the ''International Year of the Ocean''. Events January * January 6 – The ''Lunar Prospector'' spacecraft is launched into orbit around the Moon, and later finds evidence for frozen water, in soil in permanently shadowed craters near the Moon's poles. * January 11 – Over 100 people are killed in the Sidi-Hamed massacre in Algeria. * January 12 – Nineteen European nations agree to forbid human cloning. * January 17 – The ''Drudge Report'' breaks the story about U.S. President Bill Clinton's alleged affair with Monica Lewinsky, which will lead to the United States House of Representatives, House of Representatives' impeachment of him. February * February 3 – Cavalese cable car disaster (1998), Cavalese cable car disaster: A United States military pilot causes the deaths of 20 people near Trento, Italy, when his low-flying EA-6B Prowler severs the cable of a cable-car. * February 4 – The 5.9 February 1998 Afghanistan earthquake, Afghanistan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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