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Anglo-Belgian Treaty Of Commerce And Navigation
The Anglo-Belgian Treaty of Commerce and Navigation was a free trade agreement between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Kingdom of Belgium, signed on 23 July 1862. It was the first such treaty that rather than being time-limited and requiring renewal, contained an open-ended stipulation for withdrawal (technically known as "denunciation") that became a regular feature of later treaties of commerce (article 25):Augustus Oakes and R.B. Mowat, ''The Great European Treaties of the Nineteenth Century'' (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1918), pp. 8-9On Internet Archive Prime Minister Salisbury gave notification of the United Kingdom's intention to withdraw from the treaty on 28 July 1897, because a clause providing that Belgian goods be admitted to British colonies on the same footing as British goods was contrary to the new policy of Imperial Preference. This British "denunciation" was published in the '' Moniteur Belge'' of 1 August 1897. See also *Cobden–Chevalier ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Free Trade Agreement
A free-trade agreement (FTA) or treaty is an agreement according to international law to form a free-trade area between the cooperating states. There are two types of trade agreements: bilateral and multilateral. Bilateral trade agreements occur when two countries agree to loosen trade restrictions between the two of them, generally to expand business opportunities. Multilateral trade agreements are agreements among three or more countries, and are the most difficult to negotiate and agree. FTAs, a form of trade pacts, determine the tariffs and duties that countries impose on imports and exports with the goal of reducing or eliminating trade barriers, thus encouraging international trade. Such agreements usually "center on a chapter providing for preferential tariff treatment", but they also often "include clauses on trade facilitation and rule-making in areas such as investment, intellectual property, government procurement, technical standards and sanitary and phytosanitary i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Ireland
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was a sovereign state in the British Isles that existed between 1801 and 1922, when it included all of Ireland. It was established by the Acts of Union 1800, which merged the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland into a unified state. The establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922 led to the remainder later being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927. The United Kingdom, having financed the European coalition that defeated France during the Napoleonic Wars, developed a large Royal Navy that enabled the British Empire to become the foremost world power for the next century. For nearly a century from the final defeat of Napoleon following the Battle of Waterloo to the outbreak of World War I, Britain was almost continuously at peace with Great Powers. The most notable exception was the Crimean War with the Russian Empire, in which actual hostilities were relatively limited. How ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kingdom Of Belgium
Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to the southwest, and the North Sea to the northwest. It covers an area of and has a population of more than 11.5 million, making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe, with a density of . Belgium is part of an area known as the Low Countries, historically a somewhat larger region than the Benelux group of states, as it also included parts of northern France. The capital and largest city is Brussels; other major cities are Antwerp, Ghent, Charleroi, Liège, Bruges, Namur, and Leuven. Belgium is a sovereign state and a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system. Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess Of Salisbury
Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (; 3 February 183022 August 1903) was a British statesman and Conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom three times for a total of over thirteen years. He was also Foreign Secretary for much of his tenure, and during his last two years of office he was Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal. He avoided alignments or alliances, maintaining the policy of "splendid isolation". Lord Robert Cecil, also known as Lord Salisbury, was first elected to the House of Commons in 1854 and served as Secretary of State for India in Lord Derby's Conservative government 1866–1867. In 1874, under Disraeli, Salisbury returned as Secretary of State for India, and, in 1878, was appointed foreign secretary, and played a leading part in the Congress of Berlin. After Disraeli's death in 1881, Salisbury emerged as Conservative leader in the House of Lords, with Sir Stafford Northcote leading the party in the Comm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Imperial Preference
Imperial Preference was a system of mutual tariff reduction enacted throughout the British Empire following the Ottawa Conference of 1932. As Commonwealth Preference, the proposal was later revived in regard to the members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Joseph Chamberlain, the powerful colonial secretary from 1895 until 1903, argued vigorously that Britain could compete with its growing industrial rivals (chiefly the United States and Germany) and thus maintain Great Power status. The best way to do so would be to enhance internal trade inside the worldwide British Empire, with emphasis on the more developed areas — Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa — that had attracted large numbers of British settlers. The Dominions enacted policies of imperial preference in the late 19th and early 20th century: Canada (1897), New Zealand (1903), South Africa (1903), and Australia (1907). Due to its commitments to free trade, Britain did not reciprocate these trade policies u ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cobden–Chevalier Treaty
The Cobden–Chevalier Treaty was an Anglo-French free trade agreement signed between Great Britain and France on 23 January 1860. After Britain began free trade policies in 1846, there remained tariffs with France. The 1860 treaty ended tariffs on the main items of trade—wine, brandy and silk goods from France, and coal, iron and industrial goods from Britain. The new policy was widely copied across Europe. According to Stephen Krasner, the treaty set off a "golden age of free trade" in Europe, which was lasted until the late 1870s. It was the first of eight " most favoured nation" treaties the British negotiated in the 1860s. By the 1880s, however, the rise of protectionism in Germany, the United States and elsewhere made the treaty less relevant. It was the first modern free trade agreement. It is named after the main British and French originators of the treaty, Richard Cobden MP and Michel Chevalier. Origins and negotiations In a Parliamentary session of 1859, Cobden's fri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Free Trade Agreements Of The United Kingdom
Following its withdrawal from the European Union on 31 January 2020, the United Kingdom began negotiations on several free trade agreements to remove or reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade, both to establish new agreements and to replace previous EU trade agreements. Withdrawal ended 47 years of membership during which all its trading agreements were negotiated by the European Commission on behalf of the bloc as a whole. The UK did not actually withdraw from the European Single Market and the European Union Customs Union (and its trade agreements) until 31 December 2020. , the United Kingdom has concluded four new trade agreements: with Japan; with its biggest trading partner, the EU; New Zealand and with Australia. In addition, it has agreed 35 'trade continuity agreements. covering 67 nations by June 2021. In addition, it has begun other negotiations, notably to join the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership. The former Johnson mi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaties Of The United Kingdom (1801–1922)
A treaty is a formal, legally binding written agreement between actors in international law. It is usually made by and between sovereign states, but can include international organizations, individuals, business entities, and other legal persons. A treaty may also be known as an international agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, pact, or exchange of letters, among other terms. However, only documents that are legally binding on the parties are considered treaties under international law. Treaties vary on the basis of obligations (the extent to which states are bound to the rules), precision (the extent to which the rules are unambiguous), and delegation (the extent to which third parties have authority to interpret, apply and make rules). Treaties are among the earliest manifestations of international relations, with the first known example being a border agreement between the Sumerian city-states of Lagash and Umma around 3100 BC. International agreements were used in so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of International Trade
The history of international trade chronicles notable events that have affected the trade between various countries. In the era before the rise of the nation state, the term 'international' trade cannot be literally applied, but simply means trade over long distances; the sort of movement in goods which would represent international trade in the modern world. Chronology of events Ancient * The domestication of the horse around 4800 BCE allowed for the development of horse riding around 3700 BCE, and long distance travel across the Central Asian steppes. * * The Maritime Jade Road (2000 BCE to 1000 CE) was established by the animist indigenous peoples of Taiwan and the Philippines, and later expanded throughout Southeast Asia. The network operated for 3,000 years. * Indus–Mesopotamia trade * Records from the 19th century BCE attest to the existence of an Assyrian merchant colony at Kanesh in Cappadocia. * The domestication of Dromedary camels around 2,000 BCE allowed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1862 In Belgium
Events in the year 1862 in Belgium. Incumbents : Monarch: Leopold I : Head of government: Charles Rogier Events * Chimay Brewery founded * Belgian Catholic Mission to China established ;March * 3 March – Leopold I of Belgium writes a letter to the dean of Windsor expressing a desire to be buried alongside his first wife, Princess Charlotte of Wales.Alain de Gueldre et al., ''Kroniek van België'' (Antwerp and Zaventem, 1987). * 29 March – Two members of a criminal gang guillotined in Charleroi. ;April * 11 April – Belgian Navy abolished. ;May * 26 May – Provincial elections ;July * 23 July – Anglo-Belgian Treaty of Commerce and Navigation signed. ;September * 16 September – Victor Hugo's Brussels publisher, Albert Lacroix, holds a banquet to celebrate the success of '' Les Misérables'' Architecture * Loppem Castle (designed by E. W. Pugin and Jean-Baptiste Bethune) completed Publications ;Periodicals and series * ''Almanach royal officiel'' (Brussels ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1862 In The United Kingdom
Events from the year 1862 in the United Kingdom. Incumbents * Monarch – Victoria * Prime Minister – Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (Liberal) * Parliament – 18th Events * January – at the end of the longest and most expensive lunacy case in English history, William Frederick Windham, heir to Felbrigg Hall in Norfolk, is declared to be of sound mind. * 6 January – French and British forces arrive in Mexico, beginning the French intervention in Mexico. * 16 January – Hartley Colliery Disaster: 204 miners die following collapse of machinery at the Hartley Colliery in Northumberland. * 15 March – riots in Stalybridge resulting from the Lancashire Cotton Famine. * 21 March – James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin appointed Governor-General of India. * May – the 10.00 a.m. "Special Scotch Express", predecessor of the '' Flying Scotsman'' express train, first departs from London King's Cross for Edinburgh over the East Coast Main Line. * 1 May – 1862 Intern ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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