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Aminodeoxychorismate Synthase
In enzymology, an aminodeoxychorismate synthaseEC 2.6.1.85 is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :chorismate + L-glutamine \rightleftharpoons 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate + L-glutamate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are chorismate and L-glutamine, whereas its two products are 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate and L-glutamate. It is part of a pathway for the biosynthesis of ''para''-aminobenzoic acid (PABA); a precursor for the production of folates. Folates are family of cofactors that are essential for living organisms. Folate cofactors are used in several one-carbon transfer reactions required during the synthesis of essential metabolites, including methionine and thymidylate. Aminodeoxychorismate synthase (PabB), a 51 kDa protein in ''E. coli'', is encoded by the gene ''pabB''. 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate, the product of PabB, can be converted to ''para''-aminobenzoic acid by the enzyme 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate lyase (PabC). Nonmenclature This enzyme belongs t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chorismate
Chorismic acid, more commonly known as its anionic form chorismate, is an important biochemical intermediate in plants and microorganisms. It is a precursor for: * The aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine * Indole, indole derivatives and tryptophan * 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) used for enterobactin biosynthesis * The plant hormone salicylic acid * Many alkaloids and other aromatic metabolites. *The folate precursor ''para''-aminobenzoate (pABA) * The biosynthesis of Vitamin K and folate in plants and microorganisms. The name chorismic acid derives from a classical Greek word meaning "to separate", because the compound plays a role as a branch-point in aromatic amino acid biosynthesis.{{Cite journal , last1 = Gibson , first1 = F. , title = The elusive branch-point compound of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis , doi = 10.1016/S0968-0004(98)01330-9 , journal = Trends in Biochemical Sciences , volume = 24 , issue = 1 , pages = 36–38 , year = 19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Enzymes
This article lists enzymes by their classification in the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology's Enzyme Commission (EC) numbering system. * List of EC numbers (EC 5) * List of EC numbers (EC 6) :Oxidoreductases (EC 1) (Oxidoreductase) *Dehydrogenase * Luciferase *DMSO reductase :EC 1.1 (act on the CH-OH group of donors) * :EC 1.1.1 (with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor) ** Alcohol dehydrogenase (NAD) ** Alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP) **Homoserine dehydrogenase ** Aminopropanol oxidoreductase **Diacetyl reductase **Glycerol dehydrogenase **Propanediol-phosphate dehydrogenase ** glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) ** D-xylulose reductase **L-xylulose reductase **Lactate dehydrogenase **Malate dehydrogenase **Isocitrate dehydrogenase ** HMG-CoA reductase * :EC 1.1.2 (with a cytochrome as acceptor) * :EC 1.1.3 (with oxygen as acceptor) **Glucose oxidase **L-gulonolactone oxidase **Thiamine oxidase **Xanthine oxidase * :EC 1.1.4 (with a disul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
(6S)-6-Fluoroshikimic Acid
(6''S'')-6-Fluoroshikimic acid is an antibacterial agent acting on the aromatic biosynthetic pathway. It may be used against ''Plasmodium falciparum'', the causative agent of malaria. The molecule is targeting the enzymes of the shikimate pathway. This metabolic pathway is not present in mammals. The mechanism of action of the molecule is not through the inhibition of chorismate synthase but by the inhibition of 4-aminobenzoic acid synthesis. The use of the molecule led to resistances in ''Escherichia coli''. See also * Shikimic acid Shikimic acid, more commonly known as its anionic form shikimate, is a cyclohexene, a cyclitol and a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid. It is an important biochemical metabolite in plants and microorganisms. Its name comes from the Japanese flower ''shi ... References Antibiotics Fluorinated carboxylic acids Cyclitols Halohydrins Cyclohexenes {{antibiotic-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atrop-abyssomicin C
''Atrop''-abyssomicin C is a polycyclic polyketide-type natural product that is the atropisomer of abyssomicin C. It is a spirotetronate that belongs to the class of tetronate antibiotics, which includes compounds such as tetronomycin, agglomerin, and chlorothricin. In 2006, the Nicolaou group discovered ''atrop''-abyssomicin C while working on the total synthesis of abyssomicin C. Then in 2007, Süssmuth and co-workers isolated ''atrop''-abyssomicin C from '' Verrucosispora maris'' AB-18-032, a marine actinomycete found in sediment of the Japanese sea. They found that ''atrop''-abyssomicin C was the major metabolite produced by this strain, while abyssomicin C was a minor product. The molecule displays antibacterial activity by inhibiting the enzyme PabB ( 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase), thereby depleting the biosynthesis of '' p'' -aminobenzoate. Structure ''Atrop''-abyssomicin C has a complex, yet intriguing structural topography. The compound contains an oxabicycl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chorismic Acid
Chorismic acid, more commonly known as its anionic form chorismate, is an important biochemical intermediate in plants and microorganisms. It is a precursor for: * The aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine * Indole, indole derivatives and tryptophan * 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) used for enterobactin biosynthesis * The plant hormone salicylic acid * Many alkaloids and other aromatic metabolites. *The folate precursor ''para''-aminobenzoate (pABA) * The biosynthesis of Vitamin K and folate in plants and microorganisms. The name chorismic acid derives from a classical Greek word meaning "to separate", because the compound plays a role as a branch-point in aromatic amino acid biosynthesis.{{Cite journal , last1 = Gibson , first1 = F. , title = The elusive branch-point compound of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis , doi = 10.1016/S0968-0004(98)01330-9 , journal = Trends in Biochemical Sciences , volume = 24 , issue = 1 , pages = 36–38 , year = 19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salicylate Synthase
Salicylate synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: :chorismate → salicylic acid MbtI is the responsible enzyme from ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (M. tb) is a species of pathogenic bacteria in the family Mycobacteriaceae and the causative agent of tuberculosis. First discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch, ''M. tuberculosis'' has an unusual, waxy coating on its c ...''. References Enzymes {{enzyme-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isochorismate Synthase
Isochorismate synthase) is an isomerase enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of vitamin K2 (menaquinone) in ''Escherichia coli''. Reaction Isochorismate synthase, belongs to the isomerase enzyme family. More specifically it is classified as an intramolecular transferase because it transfers the hydroxy group of chorismate between carbons. Isochorismate synthase catalyzes the irreversible conversion of chorismate to isochorismate: Isochorismate synthase is most active at 37 °C and at a pH between 7.5 and 8. It requires Mg2+ as a cofactor, in a concentration between 100 μM and 1 mM. Inhibitors of isochorismate synthase include: * (4''R'',5''R'')-4-hydroxy-5-(1-carboxyvinyloxy)-cyclohex-1-ene carboxylate * (4''R'',5''R'')-4-hydroxy-5-carboxymethoxy-cyclohex-1-enecarboxylate * (4''R'',5''R'')-5-(2-carboxy-allyloxy)-4-hydroxy-cyclohex-1-enecarboxylate * (4''R'',5''R'',6''S'')-6-ammonio-5- 1-carboxylatoethenyl)oxy4-hydroxycyclohex-1-ene-1-c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anthranilate Synthase
The enzyme anthranilate synthase () catalyzes the chemical reaction :chorismate + L-glutamine \rightleftharpoons anthranilate + pyruvate + L-glutamate Function Anthranilate synthase creates anthranilate, an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of indole, and by extension, the amino acid tryptophan. Tryptophan can then be metabolized further into serotonin, melatonin, or various auxins. Reaction Anthranilate synthase catalyzes the change from chorismate to anthranilate. As its other substrate, it can use either glutamine or ammonia. During the reaction, both a hydroxyl group and an enolpyruvyl group are removed from the aromatic ring. The enolpyruvyl group gains a proton to form pyruvate. It has been shown that the proton comes from the surrounding water and not from an intramolecular shift of a hydrogen atom on the substrates. The amino group of glutamine (or ammonia itself) attacks chorismate in position 2, which leads to the elimination of enolpyruvyl group from posit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anthranilate Synthase
The enzyme anthranilate synthase () catalyzes the chemical reaction :chorismate + L-glutamine \rightleftharpoons anthranilate + pyruvate + L-glutamate Function Anthranilate synthase creates anthranilate, an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of indole, and by extension, the amino acid tryptophan. Tryptophan can then be metabolized further into serotonin, melatonin, or various auxins. Reaction Anthranilate synthase catalyzes the change from chorismate to anthranilate. As its other substrate, it can use either glutamine or ammonia. During the reaction, both a hydroxyl group and an enolpyruvyl group are removed from the aromatic ring. The enolpyruvyl group gains a proton to form pyruvate. It has been shown that the proton comes from the surrounding water and not from an intramolecular shift of a hydrogen atom on the substrates. The amino group of glutamine (or ammonia itself) attacks chorismate in position 2, which leads to the elimination of enolpyruvyl group from posit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tryptophan
Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Tryptophan contains an α-amino group, an α- carboxylic acid group, and a side chain indole, making it a polar molecule with a non-polar aromatic beta carbon substituent. It is essential in humans, meaning that the body cannot synthesize it and it must be obtained from the diet. Tryptophan is also a precursor to the neurotransmitter serotonin, the hormone melatonin, and vitamin B3. It is encoded by the codon UGG. Like other amino acids, tryptophan is a zwitterion at physiological pH where the amino group is protonated (–; pKa = 9.39) and the carboxylic acid is deprotonated ( –COO−; pKa = 2.38). Humans and many animals cannot synthesize tryptophan: they need to obtain it through their diet, making it an essential amino acid. Function Amino acids, including tryptophan, are used as building blocks in protein biosynthesis, and proteins are required to sustain life. Man ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabidopsis Thaliana
''Arabidopsis thaliana'', the thale cress, mouse-ear cress or arabidopsis, is a small flowering plant native to Eurasia and Africa. ''A. thaliana'' is considered a weed; it is found along the shoulders of roads and in disturbed land. A winter annual with a relatively short lifecycle, ''A. thaliana'' is a popular model organism in plant biology and genetics. For a complex multicellular eukaryote, ''A. thaliana'' has a relatively small genome around 135 mega base pairs. It was the first plant to have its genome sequenced, and is a popular tool for understanding the molecular biology of many plant traits, including flower development and light sensing. Description ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' is an annual (rarely biennial) plant, usually growing to 20–25 cm tall. The leaves form a rosette at the base of the plant, with a few leaves also on the flowering stem. The basal leaves are green to slightly purplish in color, 1.5–5 cm long, and 2–10 mm broad, with an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ammonia
Ammonia is an inorganic compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula . A stable binary hydride, and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a distinct pungent smell. Biologically, it is a common nitrogenous waste, particularly among aquatic organisms, and it contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to 45% of the world's food and fertilizers. Around 70% of ammonia is used to make fertilisers in various forms and composition, such as urea and Diammonium phosphate. Ammonia in pure form is also applied directly into the soil. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceutical products and is used in many commercial cleaning products. It is mainly collected by downward displacement of both air and water. Although common in nature—both terrestrially and in the outer planets of the Solar System—and in wide use, ammonia is both caust ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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