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Amarna Letter EA 15
Amarna letter EA 15, titled ''Assyria Joins the International Scene'', is a shorter-length clay tablet Amarna letter from Ashur-uballit I of the '' Land of Assyria'', (line 3 of EA 15). He addresses the Pharaoh in line 1, the ''"King (of) Land Miṣri-(Egypt)"'', thus the use of "Land (of) Assyria". This short letter is synoptic with much information. It discusses the Assyrian messenger's reason for going to Egypt, "to see" the land, and report back to the Assyrian king. The letter speaks of a short history of not sending a messenger, or the two kingdoms talking, for some recent times. Besides the duties of the messenger to see, and report back, a list of "greeting gifts", '' shulmani'', or "peace-gifts" are sent by Ashur-uballit I to the Pharaoh. The letter EA 15: ''Assyria Joins the International Scene'' EA 15, letter one of two from Assyria. (Not a linear, line-by-line translation.) :(Lines 1-6)--Say to the king of the land of E ypt Thus Aššur-ubal it, the king of the l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amarna Letter- Royal Letter From Ashur-uballit, The King Of Assyria, To The King Of Egypt MET 24
Amarna (; ar, العمارنة, al-ʿamārnah) is an extensive Egyptian archaeological site containing the remains of what was the capital city of the late Eighteenth Dynasty. The city was established in 1346 BC, built at the direction of the Pharaoh Akhenaten, and abandoned shortly after his death in 1332 BC. The name that the ancient Egyptians used for the city is transliterated in English as Akhetaten or Akhetaton, meaning " the horizon of the Aten".David (1998), p. 125 The site is on the east bank of the Nile River, in what today is the Egyptian province of Minya. It is about south of the city of al-Minya, south of the Egyptian capital, Cairo, and north of Luxor (site of the previous capital, Thebes). The city of Deir Mawas lies directly to its west. On the east side of Amarna there are several modern villages, the chief of which are l-Till in the north and el-Hagg Qandil in the south. Activity in the region flourished from the Amarna Period until the later Roman era. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
A (cuneiform)
The cuneiform sign 𒀀 ( DIŠ, DIŠ OVER DIŠ) for a, and in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' the sumerogram A, Akkadian for ''mû'', "water", which is used in the ''Gilgamesh flood myth'', Chapter XI of the Epic, or other passages. The sign is also used extensively in the Amarna letters. Cuneiform ''a'' is the most common of the four vowels in the Akkadian language, ''a'', ''e'', ''i'', and ''u''. All vowels can be interchangeable, depending on the scribe, though spellings of Akkadian words in dictionaries, will be formalized, and typically: unstressed, a 'long-vowel', or thirdly, a 'combined' vowel (often spelled with two signs (same vowel, ending the first sign, and starting the next sign), thus combined into the single vowel, ''â'', ''ê'', ''î'', or ''û''.). Cuneiform ''a'' is the most common of the four vowels, as can be shown by usage in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'', the usage numbers being (ú (u, no. 2) is more common than u, (no. 1), which has additional usages, numera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Middle Assyrian Empire
The Middle Assyrian Empire was the third stage of Assyrian history, covering the history of Assyria from the accession of Ashur-uballit I 1363 BC and the rise of Assyria as a territorial kingdom to the death of Ashur-dan II in 912 BC. The Middle Assyrian Empire was Assyria's first period of ascendancy as an empire. Though the empire experienced successive periods of expansion and decline, it remained the dominant power of northern Mesopotamia throughout the period. In terms of Assyrian history, the Middle Assyrian period was marked by important social, political and religious developments, including the rising prominence of both the Assyrian king and the Assyrian national deity Ashur. The Middle Assyrian Empire was founded through Assur, a city-state through most of the preceding Old Assyrian period, and the surrounding territories achieving independence from the Mitanni kingdom. Under Ashur-uballit, Assyria began to expand and assert its place as one of the great powe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dingir
''Dingir'' (, usually transliterated DIĜIR, ) is a Sumerian word for "god" or "goddess". Its cuneiform sign is most commonly employed as the determinative for religious names and related concepts, in which case it is not pronounced and is conventionally transliterated as a superscript "d" as in e.g. dInanna. The cuneiform sign by itself was originally an ideogram for the Sumerian word ''an'' ("sky" or "heaven");Hayes, 2000 its use was then extended to a logogram for the word ''diĝir'' ("god" or "goddess")Edzard, 2003 and the supreme deity of the Sumerian pantheon ''An'', and a phonogram for the syllable . Akkadian took over all these uses and added to them a logographic reading for the native '' ilum'' and from that a syllabic reading of . In Hittite orthography, the syllabic value of the sign was again only ''an''. The concept of "divinity" in Sumerian is closely associated with the heavens, as is evident from the fact that the cuneiform sign doubles as the ideogram f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Um (cuneiform)
The cuneiform alphabetic um sign, also dup, tup, ṭup, and DUB, the Sumerogram (logogram), for Akkadian language "ṭuppu",Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh'', Glossary, pp. 119-145, ṭuppu, p. 144. (= the clay tablet), is found in both the 14th century BC Amarna letters and the Epic of Gilgamesh. In the Amarna letters as ''um'', it is found as ''um-ma'' in the introduction of the letters as ''"Message (thus)"''...(and then the PN (personal name) of the individual sending, or authoring the letter). In specific texts with dialogue, for example Amarna letter EA 19, ''Love and Gold'', an extensive discussion is made by the king of Babylon about his father, ancestry, friendship between kings, envoys, women (for the harem, or wife), etc., and consequently the dialogue is preceded by ''um-ma'' ("quote"), then the dialogue by the messenger, (or the king). References * Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. ''The Amarna Letters.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ma (cuneiform)
The cuneiform ma sign, is found in both the 14th century BC Amarna letters and the ''Epic of Gilgamesh''. In the Epic it is also used as the Sumerogram MA, (for Akkadian language "mina", ''manû'', a weight measure, as MA.NA, or MA.NA.ÀM). The ''ma'' sign is often used at the end of words, besides its alphabetic usage inside words as syllabic ''ma'', elsewhere for ''m'', or ''a''. The usage of cuneiform ''ma'' in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'', is only exceeded by the usage of a (cuneiform) (1369 times, and 58, A (Sumerogram), versus 1047 times for ''ma'', 6 for MA (Sumerogram)). The high usage for ''a'' is partially a result of the prepositional use for ''a-na''-(Akkadian "ana", ''to, for'', etc.); "''i''", also has an increased prepositional use of i (cuneiform), for Akkadian ''ina'', ( i- na), for ''in, into, etc.'' References * Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. ''The Amarna Letters.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. 393 pages.(softcover, ) * Parpola, 1971. ''Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bi (cuneiform)
The cuneiform bi sign, also pí, and used for other syllabic forms, as well as a sumerogram, is a common use syllabic and alphabetic cuneiform sign used in both the mid-14th century BC Amarna letters and the ''Epic of Gilgamesh''. In the Amarna letters, it is sometimes used for the spelling of the archers (Egyptian pitati), 'pí-t(x)-t(x)', an often requested need from the Pharaoh in the vassal state sub-corpus of the letters. As a sumerogram, (capital letter (majuscule)), sign ''bi'' is used for KAŠ, Akkadian language for "šikāru", ''beer''. The following linguistic elements for ''bi'' are used in the Epic: :bé :bi :gaš :kaš :pí :KAŠ, sumerogram: "beer" The ''bi'' sign's usage numbers in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' are as follows: ''bé''-(25 times), ''bi''-(190), ''gaš''-(1), ''kaš''-(12), ''pí''-(2), KAŠ-(1). Amarna letters usage Use of ''pí'', Egyptian archers The archers were part of the Egyptian army, and often requested by the Canaanite vassal city-sta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ri (cuneiform)
300px, left, Cuneiform sign for ri, re, dal, tal, ṭal, and as Epic_of_Gilgamesh.html"_;"title="Sumerogram_RI,_(sign_uses_from_the_''Epic_of_Gilgamesh">Sumerogram_RI,_(sign_uses_from_the_''Epic_of_Gilgamesh''). File:Amarna_letter_mp3h8878.jpg.html" ;"title="Epic_of_Gilgamesh'')..html" ;"title="Epic_of_Gilgamesh.html" ;"title="Sumerogram RI, (sign uses from the '' Sumerogram_RI,_(sign_uses_from_the_''Epic_of_Gilgamesh'').">Epic_of_Gilgamesh.html"_;"title="Sumerogram_RI,_(sign_uses_from_the_''Epic_of_Gilgamesh">Sumerogram_RI,_(sign_uses_from_the_''Epic_of_Gilgamesh''). File:Amarna_letter_mp3h8878.jpg">thumb.html" ;"title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Sumerogram RI, (sign uses from the '' Epic_of_Gilgamesh.html"_;"title="Sumerogram_RI,_(sign_uses_from_the_''Epic_of_Gilgamesh">Sumerogram_RI,_(sign_uses_from_the_''Epic_of_Gilgamesh''). File:Amarna_letter_mp3h8878.jpg">thumb">right.html" ;"title="Epic of Gilgamesh'').">Epic_of_Gilgamesh.html" ;"title="Sumerogram RI, (sign uses from the ''Epic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mi (cuneiform)
The cuneiform mi, (also mé) sign is a distinctive sign in the wedge-stroke group, and is used as a syllabic for ''mi'', ''me'', and an alphabetic for ''m'', ''i'', or ''e''; it is also a Sumerogram (capital letter (majuscule)) for MI, used for Akkadian language, "mūšu", ''night''. ''MI'', in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh,'' is used in (Chapters) Tablets I, II, III, and XII as either MI, or MI. MEŠ, a total of six times; other spellings of ''mūšu'' in other sections are alphabetic/syllabic, four times. The sign can be found in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' and the mid-14th century BC Amarna letters. The signs usage in the Epic is as follows: ''mé''-(1 time), ''mi''-(126), MI-(9). Partial list of signs beginning with wedge (u) Partial list of signs beginning with (wedge)-''u'', from the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' (Parpola, 1971), and the Amarna letters: * Cuneiform-u--Sign No. 1----(conjunction use, and "10"; occasionally for ''u'') * Cuneiform-AMAR, ṣur, zur--Sign No. 2---; Sume ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kur (cuneiform)
The ancient Mesopotamian underworld, most often known in Sumerian language, Sumerian as Kur, Irkalla, Kukku, Arali, or Kigal and in Akkadian language, Akkadian as Erṣetu, although it had many names in both languages, was a dark, dreary cavern located deep below the ground, where inhabitants were believed to continue "a shadowy version of life on earth". The only food or drink was dry dust, but family members of the deceased would pour libations for them to drink. In the Sumerian underworld, there was no final judgement of the deceased and the dead were neither punished nor rewarded for their deeds in life. A person's quality of existence in the underworld was determined by their conditions of burial. The ruler of the underworld was the goddess Ereshkigal, who lived in the palace Ganzir, sometimes used as a name for the underworld itself. Her husband was either Gugalanna, the "canal-inspector of Anu", or, especially in later stories, Nergal, the god of war. After the Akkadian Em ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
