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Allgemeines Deutsches Handelsgesetzbuch
The Allgemeines Deutsches Handelsgesetzbuch (ADHGB; English: ''General German Commercial Code (GGCC)'') was the first comprehensive commercial code in Germany. The term "Allgemein" (''General'') emphasized the whole German Confederation as the scope of application. History Legal initial situation Until introduction of ADHGB German commercial law reflected the political splintering of Germany. Preußisches Allgemeines Landrecht The Preußisches Allgemeines Landrecht (ALR) of 1794 (English ''Prussian General Land Law'') applied to Prussian state territory. Legal provisions for burgher classes („Bürgerstände“) could be found in Eighth Title (''Achter Titel''). This comprised rules for craftsmen (''Handwerker'') (§§ 179 to 400) in addition to these for artists and fabricants (''Künstler und Fabrikanten'') (§§ 401 to 423) and for merchants (§§ 475 to 712). Here §§ 475 bis 496 ALR defined characteristics of a merchant. §§ 497 bis 545 ALR ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
German Confederation
The German Confederation (german: Deutscher Bund, ) was an association of 39 predominantly German-speaking sovereign states in Central Europe. It was created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as a replacement of the former Holy Roman Empire, which had been dissolved in 1806. The Confederation had only one organ, the Federal Convention (also Federal Assembly or Confederate Diet). The Convention consisted of the representatives of the member states. The most important issues had to be decided on unanimously. The Convention was presided over by the representative of Austria. This was a formality, however, the Confederation did not have a head of state, since it was not a state. The Confederation, on the one hand, was a strong alliance between its member states because federal law was superior to state law (the decisions of the Federal Convention were binding for the member states). Additionally, the Confederation had been established for eternity and was impossible to dissolve (l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Otto Theodor Von Manteuffel
Otto Theodor von Manteuffel (3 February 1805 – 26 November 1882) was a conservative Prussian statesman, serving nearly a decade as prime minister. Biography Born into an aristocratic family in Lübben (Spreewald), Manteuffel attended the Landesschule Pforta from 1819. In 1824–1827, he studied jurisprudence and cameralism at the University of Halle, where he joined the Corps Saxonia Halle, a duelling ''Studentenverbindung'' in the Kösener Senioren-Convents-Verband ("KSCV"). In 1830, Manteuffel commenced his clerkship in law. He became a ''Landrat'' (local administrator) of the district of Luckau in 1833; in 1841, he was promoted to ''Oberregierungsrat'' (a senior administrative position) in Königsberg, and in 1843 he was made Vice-President of the government in Stettin. In 1844, the Prince of Prussia, who was then the head of the Ministry of State, appointed him there as an expert councillor (''vortragender Rat''). Soon thereafter he was also made a member of the royal Cou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
German Business Laws
German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Germanic peoples (Roman times) * German language **any of the Germanic languages * German cuisine, traditional foods of Germany People * German (given name) * German (surname) * Germán, a Spanish name Places * German (parish), Isle of Man * German, Albania, or Gërmej * German, Bulgaria * German, Iran * German, North Macedonia * German, New York, U.S. * Agios Germanos, Greece Other uses * German (mythology), a South Slavic mythological being * Germans (band), a Canadian rock band * "German" (song), a 2019 song by No Money Enterprise * ''The German'', a 2008 short film * "The Germans", an episode of ''Fawlty Towers'' * ''The German'', a nickname for Congolese rebel André Kisase Ngandu See also * Germanic (other) * German ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Civil Codes
A civil code is a codification of private law relating to property, family, and obligations. A jurisdiction that has a civil code generally also has a code of civil procedure. In some jurisdictions with a civil code, a number of the core areas of private law that would otherwise typically be codified in a civil code may instead be codified in a commercial code. History The history of codification dates back to ancient Babylon. The earliest surviving civil code is the Code of Ur-Nammu, written around 2100–2050 BC. The Corpus Juris Civilis, a codification of Roman law produced between 529 and 534 AD by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I, forms the basis of civil law legal systems. Other codified laws used since ancient times include various texts used in religious law, such as the Law of Manu in Hindu law, Islamic Sharia law, the Mishnah in Jewish Halakha law, the Canons of the Apostles in Christian Canon law. European codes and influences on other continents The id ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bill Of Sale
A bill of sale is a document that transfers ownership of goods from one person to another. It is used in situations where the former owner transfers possession of the goods to a new owner. Bills of sale may be used in a wide variety of transactions: people can sell their goods, exchange them, give them as gifts or mortgage them to get a loan. They can only be used: * to transfer ownership of goods that people already own; * to transfer ownership of moveable tangible goods; and * by individuals and unincorporated businesses. Bills of sale exist at common law quite independently of any legislation. In England and Wales, they are regulated by two Victorian pieces of legislation: the Bills of Sale Act 1878 and the Bills of Sale Act (1878) Amendment Act 1882. This area of the law was subject to review by the Law Commission, which published a proposal for change in 2017. Bills of sale in the US Historical origin The term "bill of sale" originally referred to any writing by which an ab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johann Heinrich Thöl
Johann, typically a male given name, is the German form of ''Iohannes'', which is the Latin form of the Greek name ''Iōánnēs'' (), itself derived from Hebrew name ''Yochanan'' () in turn from its extended form (), meaning "Yahweh is Gracious" or "Yahweh is Merciful". Its English language equivalent is John. It is uncommon as a surname. People People with the name Johann include: Mononym *Johann, Count of Cleves (died 1368), nobleman of the Holy Roman Empire *Johann, Count of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg (1662–1698), German nobleman *Johann, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1578–1638), German nobleman A–K * Johann Adam Hiller (1728–1804), German composer * Johann Adam Reincken (1643–1722), Dutch/German organist * Johann Adam Remele (died 1740), German court painter * Johann Adolf I, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels (1649–1697) * Johann Adolph Hasse (1699-1783), German Composer * Johann Altfuldisch (1911—1947), German Nazi SS concentration camp officer executed for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Levin Goldschmidt
Levin Goldschmidt (30 May 1829 – 16 July 1897) was a German jurist, judge and academic. He was a Judge at the Reichsoberhandelsgericht and a professor at the University of Berlin. Between 1875 and 1877 he also served as a member of the German Parliament. Life From 1847 to 1851 he pursued his studies at the universities of Berlin, Bonn, and Heidelberg, receiving his doctor's degree in 1851 from the University of Halle. He practised for several years in the courts of Danzig, became ''privatdozent'' at the University of Heidelberg in 1855, and was appointed associate professor in 1860. During the years 1857 to 1860 he published ''Kritik des Entwurfs eines Handelsgesetzbuchs für die Preussischen Staaten'' and ''Gutachten über den Entwurf eines Deutschen Handelsgesetzbuchs nach den Beschlüssen Zweiter Lesung,'' which at once attracted attention to him as a critical jurist. During the same period he published ''Der Lucca-Pistoja-Aktienstreit,'' Frankfurt, 1859 (Supplement, 1861). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Austria
Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous city and state. A landlocked country, Austria is bordered by Germany to the northwest, the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia to the northeast, Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The country occupies an area of and has a population of 9 million. Austria emerged from the remnants of the Eastern and Hungarian March at the end of the first millennium. Originally a margraviate of Bavaria, it developed into a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire in 1156 and was later made an archduchy in 1453. In the 16th century, Vienna began serving as the empire's administrative capital and Austria thus became the heartland of the Habsburg monarchy. After the dissolution of the H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch
The ''Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch'' (, ), abbreviated BGB, is the civil code of Germany. In development since 1881, it became effective on 1 January 1900, and was considered a massive and groundbreaking project. The BGB served as a template in several other civil law jurisdictions, including Japan, South Korea, the Republic of China (Taiwan), Thailand, Brazil, Greece, Estonia, Latvia and Ukraine. It also had a major influence on the 1907 Swiss civil code, the 1942 Italian civil code, the 1966 Portuguese civil code, and the 1992 reformed Dutch civil code. History German Empire The introduction in France of the Napoleonic code in 1804 created in Germany a similar desire for obtaining a civil code (despite the opposition of the Historical School of Law of Friedrich Carl von Savigny), which would systematize and unify the various heterogeneous laws that were in effect in the country. However, the realization of such an attempt during the life of the German Confederation was diffi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Handelsgesetzbuch
The Handelsgesetzbuch (HGB, in English ''Commercial Code'') contains the core of the commercial law in Germany. It regulates the legal relations of merchants and therefore it is also designated as "the special private law for merchants". The Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB) (English ''Civil Code'') is only subsidiary applied to merchants beside the HGB. Beside that the HGB contains the regulations for the Offene Handelsgesellschaft (OHG) (English ''General partnership''), the Kommanditgesellschaft (KG) (English ''Limited partnership'') and the Stille Gesellschaft (stG) (English ''Dormant partnership''). HGB provides regulation to accounting for limited companies. HGB also has a few penal provisions. History Precursor of the Handelsgesetzbuch (HGB) was the Allgemeines Deutsches Handelsgesetzbuch (ADHGB) of 1861. ADHGB was replaced in the German Empire by the HGB, that was legislated on 10 May 1897. The HGB came into force together with the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB) on 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reichsgericht
The Reichsgericht (, ''Reich Court'') was the supreme criminal and civil court in the German Reich from 1879 to 1945. It was based in Leipzig, Germany. The Supreme Court was established when the Reichsjustizgesetze (Imperial Justice Laws) came into effect and it built a widely regarded body of jurisprudence during the period of the German Empire and Weimar Republic. During the rise of the Third Reich, the Reichsgericht became deeply embroiled in the National Socialist agenda. It even involved itself in matters of Nazi Matrimonial and Contract Law before enactment of the Nuremberg Laws. During and after the Nazi period it received criticism for the ease, and even willingness, with which it provided the highest level of formal legal justification for Nazi programs. Immediately after the end of World War II, the Reichsgericht was dissolved, and reformed into the German High Court for the ''Unified Economic Region'' (Trizone), the Allied occupation zones of France, the United Kingdom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reichsoberhandelsgericht
The (English: ''Imperial High Commercial Court''), abbreviated to ROHG, was a German supreme court in Leipzig primarily dealing with appeals concerning commercial law. It was established in 1869 as the (English: ''Federal Higher Commercial Court'') of the North German Confederation and was named after the establishment of the German Empire in 1871. In 1879, the court was replaced by the . History of the court Historical background With the disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 the judicial activities of the two German supreme courts – the in Wetzlar and the Aulic Council (the ) in Vienna – also came to an end. For more than six decades no federal supreme court existed in the German territories until the was formed in 1869. During the time of the German Confederation (1815–1866) and the North German Federation (1867–1871) the only court with jurisdiction for more than one territory was the (High Court of Appeal of the Four Free Cities, 1820–1879), wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
