|
Adapter Molecule Crk
Adapter molecule crk also known as proto-oncogene c-Crk is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CRK'' gene. The CRK protein participates in the Reelin signaling cascade downstream of DAB1. Function Adapter molecule crk is a member of an adapter protein family that binds to several tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins. This protein has several SH2 and SH3 domains (src-homology domains) and is involved in several signaling pathways, recruiting cytoplasmic proteins in the vicinity of tyrosine kinase through SH2-phosphotyrosine interaction. The N-terminal SH2 domain of this protein functions as a positive regulator of transformation whereas the C-terminal SH3 domain functions as a negative regulator of transformation. Two alternative transcripts encoding different isoforms with distinct biological activity have been described. Crk together with CrkL participates in the Reelin signaling cascade downstream of DAB1. v-Crk, a transforming oncoprotein from avian sarcoma viruse ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, providing structure to cells and organisms, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific 3D structure that determines its activity. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residue ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; ErbB-1; HER1 in humans) is a transmembrane protein that is a receptor for members of the epidermal growth factor family (EGF family) of extracellular protein ligands. The epidermal growth factor receptor is a member of the ErbB family of receptors, a subfamily of four closely related receptor tyrosine kinases: EGFR (ErbB-1), HER2/neu (ErbB-2), Her 3 (ErbB-3) and Her 4 (ErbB-4). In many cancer types, mutations affecting EGFR expression or activity could result in cancer. Epidermal growth factor and its receptor was discovered by Stanley Cohen of Vanderbilt University. Cohen shared the 1986 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Rita Levi-Montalcini for their discovery of growth factors. Deficient signaling of the EGFR and other receptor tyrosine kinases in humans is associated with diseases such as Alzheimer's, while over-expression is associated with the development of a wide variety of tumors. Interruption of EGFR signalling, either by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SOS1
Son of sevenless homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SOS1'' gene. Function SOS1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) which interacts with RAS proteins to phosphorylate GDP into GTP, or from an inactive state to an active state to signal cell proliferation. RAS genes (e.g., MIM 190020) encode membrane-bound guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that function in the transduction of signals that control cell growth and differentiation. Binding of GTP activates RAS proteins, and subsequent hydrolysis of the bound GTP to GDP and phosphate inactivates signaling by these proteins. GTP binding can be catalyzed by guanine nucleotide exchange factors for RAS, and GTP hydrolysis can be accelerated by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). The first exchange factor to be identified for RAS was the S. cerevisiae Cdc25 gene product. Genetic analysis indicated that CDC25 is essential for activation of RAS proteins. In ''Drosophila'', the protein encoded by the 'son of s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SH3KBP1
SH3 domain-containing kinase-binding protein 1 (synonyms - CIN85, in rodents - Ruk) is an adaptor protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SH3KBP1'' gene. Function CBL (MIM 165360) constitutively interacts with SH3 domain-containing proteins and, upon tyrosine phosphorylation, with SH2 domain-containing proteins. The SH3KBP1 gene encodes an 85-kD CBL-interacting protein that enhances tumor necrosis factor (MIM 191160)-mediated apoptotic cell death (Narita et al., 2001). upplied by OMIMref name="entrez"> Interactions SH3KBP1 has been shown to interact with B-cell linker, Grb2, SH3GLB2, SH3GL3, SH3GL2, BCAR1, Epidermal growth factor receptor, CBLB, Cbl gene, SOS1, CRK and PAK2 Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PAK2'' gene. PAK2 is one of three members of Group I PAK family of serine/threonine kinases. The PAKs are evolutionary conserved. PAK2 and its cleaved fragment .... References Further reading * * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RICS (gene)
Rho GTPase-activating protein 32 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RICS'' gene. RICS has two known isoforms, RICS that are expressed primarily at neurite growth cones, and at the post synaptic membranes, and PX-RICS which is more widely expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and endosomes. The only known domain of the RICS is the RhoGAP domain, whilst PX-RICS has an additional Phox homology and SH3 domain. Function RICS (a.k.a. GRIT/Arhgap32) is a neuron-associated GTPase-activating protein that may regulate dendritic spine morphology and strength by modulating Rho GTPase activity. Isoforms RICS Experiments have shown that knocking down RICS, or just knocking out its GAP or C-terminal TrkA binding site, results in abnormally extended neurites, and blocks NGF regulated outgrowth. The GAP activity of RICS is known to be regulated by two phosphorylation sites, one controlled by CaMKII, and the other by RPTPa. When CaMKII /calmodulin-de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RAPGEF1
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RAPGEF1'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a human guanine nucleotide releasing protein for Ras protein. It belongs to the adaptor-type Src homology (SH)2-containing molecules. Src homology 2 domains are globular protein modules present in a large variety of functionally distinct proteins. They mediate binding events that control the activity and localization of many proteins involved in the transmission of signals from the cell surface to the nucleus. The mRNAs of these proteins are expressed ubiquitously in human adult and fetal tissues. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but the full-length nature of some variants has not been determined. Interactions RAPGEF1 has been shown to interact with: * BCAR1, * CRK, * CRKL * Grb2, and * HCK Tyrosine-protein kinase HCK is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''HCK ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paxillin
Paxillin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PXN'' gene. Paxillin is expressed at focal adhesions of non-striated cells and at costameres of striated muscle cells, and it functions to adhere cells to the extracellular matrix. Mutations in ''PXN'' as well as abnormal expression of paxillin protein has been implicated in the progression of various cancers. Structure Human paxillin is 64.5 kDa in molecular weight and 591 amino acids in length. The C-terminal region of paxillin is composed of four tandem double zinc finger LIM domains that are cysteine/histidine-rich with conserved repeats; these serve as binding sites for the protein tyrosine phosphatase-PEST, tubulin and serves as the targeting motif for focal adhesions. The N-terminal region of paxillin has five highly conserved leucine-rich sequences termed LD motifs, which mediate several interactions, including that with pp125FAK and vinculin. The LD motifs are predicted to form amphipathic alpha helices, with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PTK2
PTK2 protein tyrosine kinase 2 (PTK2), also known as focal adhesion kinase (FAK), is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ''PTK2'' gene. PTK2 is a focal adhesion-associated protein kinase involved in cellular adhesion (how cells stick to each other and their surroundings) and spreading processes (how cells move around). It has been shown that when FAK was blocked, breast cancer cells became less metastatic due to decreased mobility. Function The PTK2 gene encodes a cytosolic protein tyrosine kinase that is found concentrated in the focal adhesions that form among cells attaching to extracellular matrix constituents. The encoded protein is a member of the FAK subfamily of protein tyrosine kinases that included PYK2, but lacks significant sequence similarity to kinases from other subfamilies. It also includes a large FERM domain. With the exception of certain types of blood cells, most cells express FAK. FAK tyrosine kinase activity can be activated, which plays a key ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PDGFRB
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PDGFRB'' gene. Mutations in PDGFRB are mainly associated with the clonal eosinophilia class of malignancies. Gene The ''PDGFRB'' gene is located on human chromosome 5 at position q32 (designated as 5q32) and contains 25 exons. The gene is flanked by the genes for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (also termed macrophage-colony stimulating factor receptor), all three of which may be lost together by a single deletional mutation thereby causing development of the 5q-syndrome. Other genetic abnormalities in ''PDGFRB'' lead to various forms of potentially malignant bone marrow disorders: small deletions in and chromosome translocations causing fusions between ''PDGFRB'' and any one of at least 30 genes can cause Myeloproliferative neoplasms that commonly involve eosinophilia, eosinophil-induced organ injury, and possible progressio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PDGFRA
PDGFRA, i.e. platelet-derived growth factor receptor A, also termed PDGFRα, i.e. platelet-derived growth factor receptor α, or CD140a i.e. Cluster of Differentiation 140a, is a receptor located on the surface of a wide range of cell types. This receptor binds to certain isoforms of platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and thereby becomes active in stimulating cell signaling pathways that elicit responses such as cellular growth and differentiation. The receptor is critical for the development of certain tissues and organs during embryogenesis and for the maintenance of these tissues and organs, particularly hematologic tissues, throughout life. Mutations in the gene which codes for PDGFRA, i.e. the ''PDGFRA'' gene, are associated with an array of clinically significant neoplasms, notably ones of the clonal hypereosinophilia class of malignancies, as well as gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Overall structure This gene encodes a typical receptor tyrosine kinase, which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NEDD9
Neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 9 (NEDD-9) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NEDD9'' gene. NEDD-9 is also known as enhancer of filamentation 1 (EF1), CRK-associated substrate-related protein (CAS-L), and Cas scaffolding protein family member 2 (CASS2). An important paralog of this gene is BCAR1. Discovery In 1992, Kumar, ''et al.,'' first described a sequence tag corresponding to the NEDD9 3′ untranslated region based on the cloning of a group of genes predominantly expressed in the brain of embryonic, but not adult mice, a group of genes designated neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated. In 1996, two groups independently described the complete sequence of the NEDD9 gene, and provided initial functional analysis of NEDD9 protein. Law ''et al.'' overexpressed a human cDNA library in ''S. cerevisiae'', and screened for genes that simultaneously affected cell cycle and cell polarity controls, inducing a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MAPK8
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (also known as JNK1) is a ubiquitous enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''MAPK8'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the MAP kinase and JNK family. MAP kinases act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development. This kinase is activated by various cell stimuli, and targets specific transcription factors, and thus mediates immediate-early gene expression in response to cell stimuli. The activation of this kinase by tumor-necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is found to be required for TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. This kinase is also involved in UV radiation-induced apoptosis, which is thought to be related to the cytochrome c-mediated cell death pathway. Studies of the mouse counterpart of this gene suggested that this kinase play a key role in T cell proliferation, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
