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35-hour Workweek
The 35-hour working week is a part of a labour law reform adopted in France in February 2000, under Prime Minister Lionel Jospin's Plural Left government. Pushed by Minister of Labour Martine Aubry, it was adopted in two phases: the "Aubry 1" law in June 1998 and "Aubry 2" law in January 2000. The previous legal working week was 39 hours, established by President François Mitterrand, also a member of the Socialist Party. The 35-hour working week had been on the Socialist Party's 1981 electoral program, titled 110 Propositions for France, but was not pursued because of the poor economic state. Time worked after the standard legal limit of 35 hours was to be considered overtime. The reform's aim was primarily to lower the unemployment rate, then at a record high of 12.5%, by encouraging the creation of jobs with work sharing. Objectives The main stated objectives of the law were twofold: # Create new jobs by making it more cost effective to hire an additional worker than to pay c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its Metropolitan France, metropolitan area extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea; overseas territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the North Atlantic, the French West Indies, and many islands in Oceania and the Indian Ocean. Due to its several coastal territories, France has the largest exclusive economic zone in the world. France borders Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Monaco, Italy, Andorra, and Spain in continental Europe, as well as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Netherlands, Suriname, and Brazil in the Americas via its overseas territories in French Guiana and Saint Martin (island), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
El Khomri Law
The loi n° 2016-1088 du 8 août 2016 relative au travail, à la modernisation du dialogue social et à la sécurisation des parcours professionnels is a piece of national legislation in France relating to employment. It is commonly known as the El Khomri law or the Loi travail. It evoked wide protests by labour unions around the country. The law came into force by a gazette notification on 9 August 2016. Background The Law was first presented in parliament on 17 February 2016 by labour minister Myriam El Khomri under the Second Valls Government; it was adopted into law on 8 August 2016. The legislation was designed to revise France's Labour Code in a way the government claimed would reduce unemployment. Emmanuel Macron is a supporter of the law. Contents The law makes it easier for companies to lay off workers, reduce overtime payments, and reduce severance payments that workers are entitled to if their company has made them redundant. On the other hand, it allows workers to t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Economy Of France
An economy is an area of the production, distribution and trade, as well as consumption of goods and services. In general, it is defined as a social domain that emphasize the practices, discourses, and material expressions associated with the production, use, and management of scarce resources'. A given economy is a set of processes that involves its culture, values, education, technological evolution, history, social organization, political structure, legal systems, and natural resources as main factors. These factors give context, content, and set the conditions and parameters in which an economy functions. In other words, the economic domain is a social domain of interrelated human practices and transactions that does not stand alone. Economic agents can be individuals, businesses, organizations, or governments. Economic transactions occur when two groups or parties agree to the value or price of the transacted good or service, commonly expressed in a certain currency. Howev ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First Employment Contract
The ''contrat première embauche'' (CPE; en, first employment contract) was a new form of employment contract pushed in spring 2006 in France by Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin. This employment contract, available solely to employees under 26, would have made it easier for the employer to fire employees by removing the need to provide reasons for dismissal for an initial "trial period" of two years, in exchange for some financial guarantees for employees, the intention being to make employers less reluctant to hire additional staff. However, the enactment of this amendment to the so-called "Equality of Opportunity Act" () establishing this contract was so unpopular that soon massive protests were held, mostly by young students, and the government rescinded the amendment. President Jacques Chirac declared that the law would be put on the statute book, but that it would not be applied. Article 8 of the 31 March 2006 Equality of Opportunity Act, establishing the CPE, was rep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fair Labor Standards Act
The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA) is a United States labor law that creates the right to a minimum wage, and "time-and-a-half" overtime pay when people work over forty hours a week. It also prohibits employment of minors in "oppressive child labor".See and . It applies to employees engaged in interstate commerce or employed by an enterprise engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce, unless the employer can claim an exemption from coverage. The Act was enacted by the 75th Congress and signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1938. Practical application The Fair Labor Standards Act applies to "employees who are engaged in interstate commerce or in the production of goods for commerce, or who are employed by an enterprise engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce" unless the employer can claim an exemption from coverage. Generally, an employer with at least $500,000 of business or gross sales in a year satisfies ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Six-hour Day
The six-hour day is a schedule by which the employees or other members of an institution (which may also be, for example, a school) spend six hours contributing. This is in contrast to the widespread eight-hour day, or any other time arrangement. It has also been proposed as a better alternative to the four-day week, another proposed way to reduce working time. By country Australia In Australia, the six-hour day and four-day week is supported by the Australian Greens. Finland In 2020, the Finland, Finnish Prime Minister Sanna Marin advocated for a change towards implementing a six-hour working day. The result of a Finnish study showed positive effects. Norway The Red Party (Norway) has advocated for a six-hour workday. Sweden The 6 hour workday has been subject to reoccurring debate since the early 70's after the sociologist and politician Alva Myrdal proposed to implement it to ''Sveriges socialdemokratiska kvinnoförbund''. Today there is more than a few examples of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Production Quota
A production quota is a goal for the production of a good. It is typically set by a government or an organization, and can be applied to an individual worker, firm, industry or country. Quotas can be set high to encourage production, or can be used to restrict production to support a certain price level. What is a quota? A quota refers to a measure that limits, either minimum or maximum, on a particular activity. Quotas are usually enacted by governments or organizations to protect domestic industries. In short, it limits the number of goods a country can export or import during a certain period of time. Criticism Quotas, like other trade restrictions, are typically used to benefit the producers of a good at the expense of consumers in that economy. Possible effects include corruption (bribes to increase a quota allocation) or smuggling (concealed actions to exceed a quota). Quotas disrupt normal business cycles and do not help innovation. While it may seem like a good idea for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MEDEF
The Mouvement des entreprises de France (MEDEF), or the Movement of the Enterprises of France, is the largest employer federation in France. Established in 1998, it replaced the Conseil national du patronat Français ( CNPF), or the "National Council of the French Employers", which was founded in 1946. It has more than 750,000 member firms, 90 percent of them being small and medium enterprises (SMEs) with fewer than 50 employees. MEDEF is engaged in lobbying at local, regional, national, and EU-wide levels. Every year, MEDEF International organises a number of delegations of French business leaders with tangible projects to targeted countries, especially developing countries. MEDEF espouses “sustainable development”, raising companies’ awareness to the fact that environmental protection can also feature among their competitive advantages. Its current president, is Geoffroy Roux de Bézieux as of July 2018. See also *Union of Industrial and Employers' Confederations of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trade Unions In France
A list of trade unions in France: Unions *Five confederations recognized by the state as representative trade union: **''Confédération Française Démocratique du Travail'' (CFDT) **''Confédération Française des Travailleurs Chrétiens'' (CFTC) **''Confédération générale du travail'' (CGT) **'' Confédération Française de l'Encadrement - Confédération Générale des Cadres'' (CFE-CGC) **'' Confédération générale du travail - Force Ouvrière'' (FO) *Other large unions: ** ''Union nationale des syndicats autonomes'' (UNSA) ** '' Solidaire'' *Regional Unions: ** ''Confédération générale du travail - Martinique'' (CGTM) in Martinique ** ''Confédération générale du travail de Guadeloupe'' (CGTM) in Guadeloupe ** '' Corsican Workers' Trade Union'' (STC) in Corsica ** ''Syndicat des Travailleurs de Bretagne'' (STB) in Brittany ** ''Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak'' (LAB) in Basque country ** ''Union syndicale des travailleurs kanaks et des exploités'' (USTKE ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lille 2 University Of Health And Law
The Lille 2 University of Health and Law (french: Université Lille 2 : Droit et Santé) was a French university for health, sports, management and law. It was located in Lille and was part of the Community of Universities and Institutions (COMUE) Lille Nord de France. The University of Lille II inherits from the Faculty of Law established as the Université de Douai in 1559. After, sciences and technologies are taught in an independent campus of Université de Lille I - USTL, while literature and social sciences are taught as part of the independent campus of Université de Lille III - Charles de Gaulle. Altogether, the universities of Lille include more than 90,000 students and are the core parts of thEuropean Doctoral College Lille-Nord-Pas de Calaisthat includes 3,000 PhD Doctorate students supported by university research laboratories. was president of this university. His son, Nicolas Warembourg, is professor of law in Sorbonne. Since 1970, the main campus of Universit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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