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25CN-NBOH
Pharmacology '25CN-NBOH'' (sometimes also referred to as NBOH-2C-CN) is a compound indirectly derived from the phenethylamine series of hallucinogens, which was discovered in 2014 ba group of researchersat the University of Copenhagen. This compound is notable as one of the most selective agonist ligands for the 5-HT2A receptor yet discovered, with a pKi of 8.88 at the human 5-HT2A receptor and with 100x selectivity for 5-HT2A over 5-HT2C, and 46x selectivity for 5-HT2A over 5-HT2B. A tritiated version of 25CN-NBOH has also been accessed and used for more detailed investigations of the binding to 5-HT2 receptors and autoradiography. Structure The structure of 25CN-NBOH in complex with an engineered Gαq heterotrimer of the 5-HT2AR has been determined by cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM), showing a distinct binding mode when compared to LSD. Synthesis 25CN-NBOH is readily available from 2C-H in 57% over 4 steps. Animal studies 25CN-NBOH was found to partially substitute ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
25CN-NBOH
Pharmacology '25CN-NBOH'' (sometimes also referred to as NBOH-2C-CN) is a compound indirectly derived from the phenethylamine series of hallucinogens, which was discovered in 2014 ba group of researchersat the University of Copenhagen. This compound is notable as one of the most selective agonist ligands for the 5-HT2A receptor yet discovered, with a pKi of 8.88 at the human 5-HT2A receptor and with 100x selectivity for 5-HT2A over 5-HT2C, and 46x selectivity for 5-HT2A over 5-HT2B. A tritiated version of 25CN-NBOH has also been accessed and used for more detailed investigations of the binding to 5-HT2 receptors and autoradiography. Structure The structure of 25CN-NBOH in complex with an engineered Gαq heterotrimer of the 5-HT2AR has been determined by cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM), showing a distinct binding mode when compared to LSD. Synthesis 25CN-NBOH is readily available from 2C-H in 57% over 4 steps. Animal studies 25CN-NBOH was found to partially substitute ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2S,6S-DMBMPP
DMBMPP, or 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromobenzyl)-6-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperidine, is a 2-benzylpiperidine analog of the hallucinogenic ''N''-benzylphenethylamine 25B-NBOMe and was discovered in 2011 by Jose Juncosa in the group of David E. Nichols at Purdue University. DMBPP differs from 25B-NBOMe by having a piperidine ring conformed to the amine, making for a more rigid molecular structure than that of the open-chain 25B-NBOMe. The presence of the piperidine ring introduces two stereocenters, thus, four stereoisomers of this compound can be made. Pharmacology The (''S'',''S'')-isomer (2''S'',6''S''-DMBMPP) is the most interesting scientifically as it is the most selective agonist for the human 5-HT2A receptor yet discovered, with a Ki of 2.5 nM at the human 5-HT2A receptor and with 124-fold selectivity for 5-HT2A over the structurally similar 5-HT2C-receptor. Together with 25CN-NBOH, 2S,6S-DMBMPP is the only known 5-HT2A agonist to exhibit this level of selectivity. See al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
25-NB (psychedelics)
The 25-NB (25''x''-NB''x'') series, sometimes alternatively referred to as the NBOMe compounds, is a family of serotonergic psychedelics. They are substituted phenethylamines and were derived from the 2C family. They act as selective agonists of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor. The 25-NB family is unique relative to other classes of psychedelics in that they are, generally speaking, extremely potent and relatively selective for the 5-HT2A receptor. Use of NBOMe series drugs has caused many deaths and hospitalisations since the drugs popularisation in the 2010s. This is primarily due to their high overdose potential and sellers passing off the compounds in the series as LSD. Chemical structure The 25-NB compounds are mostly ''N''-benzylphenethylamines, though in some cases the phenyl ring of the N-benzyl group is replaced by other heterocycles such as thiophene, pyridine, furan, tetrahydrofuran, benzodioxole or naphthalene, among others. Generally speaking, they have methox ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
5-HT2A Receptor
The 5-HT2A receptor is a subtype of the 5-HT2 receptor that belongs to the serotonin receptor family and is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). The 5-HT2A receptor is a cell surface receptor, but has several intracellular locations. 5-HT is short for 5-hydroxy-tryptamine or serotonin. This is the main excitatory receptor subtype among the GPCRs for serotonin, although 5-HT2A may also have an inhibitory effect on certain areas such as the visual cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex. This receptor was first noted for its importance as a target of serotonergic psychedelic drugs such as LSD and psilocybin mushrooms. Later it came back to prominence because it was also found to be mediating, at least partly, the action of many antipsychotic drugs, especially the atypical ones. Downregulation of post-synaptic 5-HT2A receptor is an adaptive process provoked by chronic administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and atypical antipsychotics. Suicidal and otherwis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
25I-NBOH
25I-NBOH (NBOH-2CI, Cimbi-27, 2-C-I-NBOH) is a derivative of the phenethylamine-derived hallucinogen 2C-I that was discovered in 2006 by a team at Purdue University. Pharmacology 25I-NBOH acts as a potent agonist of the 5HT2A receptor, with a Ki of 0.061 nM at the human 5HT2A receptor, similar to the better-known compound 25I-NBOMe, making it some twelve times the potency of 2C-I itself. Although ''in vitro'' tests show this compound acts as an agonist, animal studies to confirm these findings have not been reported. While the ''N''-benzyl derivatives of 2C-I had significantly increased binding to 5HT2A receptor fragments, compared to 2C-I, the ''N''-benzyl derivatives of DOI were less active compared to DOI. 25I-NBOH is notable as one of the most selective agonist ligands for the 5-HT2A receptor with an EC50 value of 0.074 nM with more than 400 times selectivity over the 5-HT2C receptor. Analytical chemistry 25I-NBOH is a labile molecule which fragments into ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
25C-NBOH
25-C-NBOH (2C-C-NBOH, NBOH-2CC) is a derivative of the phenethylamine derived hallucinogen 2C-C which has been sold as a designer drug. It has similar serotonin receptor affinity to the better-known compound 25C-NBOMe. Analogues and derivatives * 25C-NBF * 25C-NBMD * 25C-NBOH * 25C-NBOMe (NBOMe-2CC) * 25C-NB3OMe 25C-NB3OMe (2C-C-NB3OMe, NB3OMe-2C-C) is a derivative of the phenethylamine hallucinogen 2C-C, which acts as a highly potent partial agonist for the human Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of prima ... * 25C-NB4OMe * 25I-NBOH * 25B-NBOH * 25E-NBOH * 25H-NBOH Analytical chemistry 25C-NBOH undergoes degradation under routine Gas Chromatography (GC) conditions, as well as other NBOH's substances, into 2C-C. An alternative method proposed for reliable identification of 25I-NBOH using GC/MS may be used for 25C-NBOH analysis. Legality United Kingdom References 25-NB (psychedelics) Chlorobenzenes D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
25B-NBOH
25B-NBOH (2C-B-NBOH, NBOH-2C-B) is a derivative of the phenethylamine derived hallucinogen 2C-B which has been sold as a designer drug A designer drug is a structural or functional analog of a controlled substance that has been designed to mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug, while avoiding classification as illegal and/or detection in standard drug tests. D .... It acts as a potent serotonin receptor agonist with similar affinity to the better-known compound 25B-NBOMe at 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors with values of 8.3 and 9.4, respectively. Legal status Sweden The Riksdag added 25B-NBOH to Narcotic Drugs Punishments Act under Swedish Schedule I (''"substances, plant materials and fungi which normally do not have medical use"'') as of January 26, 2016, published by Medical Products Agency (MPA) in regulation ''HSLF-FS 2015:35'' listed as 25B-NBOH, and 2-( -(4-bromo-2,5-dimetoxifenyl)etylaminoetyl)fenol. United Kingdom Analogues and derivatives ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Partial Agonist
In pharmacology, partial agonists are drugs that bind to and activate a given receptor, but have only partial efficacy at the receptor relative to a full agonist. They may also be considered ligands which display both agonistic and antagonistic effects—when both a full agonist and partial agonist are present, the partial agonist actually acts as a competitive antagonist , competing with the full agonist for receptor occupancy and producing a net decrease in the receptor activation observed with the full agonist alone. Clinically, partial agonists can be used to activate receptors to give a desired submaximal response when inadequate amounts of the endogenous ligand are present, or they can reduce the overstimulation of receptors when excess amounts of the endogenous ligand are present. Some currently common drugs that have been classed as partial agonists at particular receptors include buspirone, aripiprazole, buprenorphine, nalmefene and norclozapine. Examples of ligands acti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phenethylamine
Phenethylamine (PEA) is an organic compound, natural monoamine alkaloid, and trace amine, which acts as a central nervous system stimulant in humans. In the brain, phenethylamine regulates monoamine neurotransmission by binding to trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) and inhibiting vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) in monoamine neurons. To a lesser extent, it also acts as a neurotransmitter in the human central nervous system. In mammals, phenethylamine is produced from the amino acid L-phenylalanine by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase via enzymatic decarboxylation. In addition to its presence in mammals, phenethylamine is found in many other organisms and foods, such as chocolate, especially after microbial fermentation. Phenethylamine is sold as a dietary supplement for purported mood and weight loss-related therapeutic benefits; however, in orally ingested phenethylamine, a significant amount is metabolized in the small intestine by monoami ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chondrocyte
Chondrocytes (, from Greek χόνδρος, ''chondros'' = cartilage + κύτος, ''kytos'' = cell) are the only cells found in healthy cartilage. They produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix, which consists mainly of collagen and proteoglycans. Although the word ''chondroblast'' is commonly used to describe an immature chondrocyte, the term is imprecise, since the progenitor of chondrocytes (which are mesenchymal stem cells) can differentiate into various cell types, including osteoblasts. Development From least- to terminally-differentiated, the chondrocytic lineage is: # Colony-forming unit-fibroblast # Mesenchymal stem cell / marrow stromal cell # Chondrocyte # Hypertrophic chondrocyte Mesenchymal (mesoderm origin) stem cells are undifferentiated, meaning they can differentiate into a variety of generative cells commonly known as osteochondrogenic (or osteogenic, chondrogenic, osteoprogenitor, etc.) cells. When referring to bone, or in this case cartilage, the origin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hallucinogen
Hallucinogens are a large, diverse class of psychoactive drugs that can produce altered states of consciousness characterized by major alterations in thought, mood, and perception as well as other changes. Most hallucinogens can be categorized as either being psychedelics, dissociatives, or deliriants. However, certain hallucinogens such as Fly agaric as well as other gabaergic hallucinogenics are more often considered to technically be hypnotics, therefore indicating another separate subcategory of drugs which can substantially alter visual perception. Etymology The word ''hallucinogen'' is derived from the word ''hallucination''. The term ''hallucinate'' dates back to around 1595–1605, and is derived from the Latin ''hallūcinātus'', the past participle of ''(h)allūcināri'', meaning "to wander in the mind." Characteristics Leo Hollister gave five criteria for classifying a drug as hallucinogenic.Glennon RA. Classical drugs: an introductory overview. In Lin GC and Gle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
