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2nd Flak Division
The 2nd Flak Division () was a Flak division of the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany during World War II. It was initially deployed as a stationary formation in Leipzig for the defense of the German homeland's air space, but became a mobile division in January 1942 and was deployed to the Eastern Front. Eventually, it was shuffled to the Western Front, where it was destroyed in 1945. History On 1 July 1938, the "Air Defense Command Leipzig" () staff was assembled in Leipzig. The staff's name received its number on 1 August 1939 and became "2nd Air Defense Command Leipzig" (). On 1 September 1941, the name of the formation was changed to 2nd Flak Division (). The initial head of the air defense staff was Walter Feyerabend, who commanded the staff and subsequent divisions in three tenures between July 1938 and 3 February 1942, with interruptions by Heinrich Burchard (in command from 10 April 1940 until 1 July 1941) and Oskar Bertram (in command from 1 September 1941 until 12 January ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flak
Anti-aircraft warfare, counter-air or air defence forces is the battlespace response to aerial warfare, defined by NATO as "all measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action".AAP-6 It includes surface based, subsurface ( submarine launched), and air-based weapon systems, associated sensor systems, command and control arrangements, and passive measures (e.g. barrage balloons). It may be used to protect naval, ground, and air forces in any location. However, for most countries, the main effort has tended to be homeland defence. NATO refers to airborne air defence as counter-air and naval air defence as anti-aircraft warfare. Missile defence is an extension of air defence, as are initiatives to adapt air defence to the task of intercepting any projectile in flight. In some countries, such as Britain and Germany during the Second World War, the Soviet Union, and modern NATO and the United States, ground-based air defence and air defence aircraf ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Army Group South Rear Area
Army Group South Rear Area (''Rückwärtiges Heeresgebiet Süd'') was one of the three Army Group Rear Area Command (Wehrmacht), Army Group Rear Area Commands, established during the 1941 German Operation Barbarossa, invasion of the Soviet Union. Commanded by General Karl von Roques, it was an area of military jurisdiction behind Wehrmacht's Army Group South. The Group South Rear Area's outward function was to provide security behind the fighting troops. It was also a site of mass murder during The Holocaust and other crimes against humanity targeting the civilian population. In the words of historian Michael Parrish, the army commander "presided over an empire of terror and brutality". Organisation The commander of the Army Group South Rear Area, General Karl von Roques, was responsible for the rear area security. Its headquarters was subordinated to Army Group South, while also reporting to the Wehrmacht's Quartermaster General Eduard Wagner, who had the overall responsibility fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Cologne (1945)
The Battle of Cologne was part of Operation Lumberjack and refers to the Allied advance that took place from 5 to 7 March 1945, which led to the capture of the western German city of Cologne. Prelude Before the outbreak of the Second World War Cologne was the fourth largest city in Germany and the largest city on the river Rhine, with a population of approximately 800,000 people. The city of Cologne was bombed by the Royal Air Force (RAF) in 262 separate air raids during World War II, this in response to the bombing of London at the start of the war. Cologne was an important military target, being a heavily industrialized city with many factories producing war supplies and the city also had a large railway network, used for the transportation of troops and weapons. A total of 34,711 long tons of bombs were dropped on the city, the last air raid was carried out on 2 March 1945. By the beginning of March 1945 most of the city was destroyed, with roughly 20,000 people remaining ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bonn
The federal city of Bonn ( lat, Bonna) is a city on the banks of the Rhine in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, with a population of over 300,000. About south-southeast of Cologne, Bonn is in the southernmost part of the Rhine-Ruhr region, Germany's largest metropolitan area, with over 11 million inhabitants. It is a university city and the birthplace of Ludwig van Beethoven. Founded in the 1st century BC as a Roman settlement in the province Germania Inferior, Bonn is one of Germany's oldest cities. It was the capital city of the Electorate of Cologne from 1597 to 1794, and residence of the Archbishops and Prince-electors of Cologne. From 1949 to 1990, Bonn was the capital of West Germany, and Germany's present constitution, the Basic Law, was declared in the city in 1949. The era when Bonn served as the capital of West Germany is referred to by historians as the Bonn Republic. From 1990 to 1999, Bonn served as the seat of government – but no longer capital – ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eifel
The Eifel (; lb, Äifel, ) is a low mountain range in western Germany and eastern Belgium. It occupies parts of southwestern North Rhine-Westphalia, northwestern Rhineland-Palatinate and the southern area of the German-speaking Community of Belgium. The Eifel is part of the Rhenish Massif; within its northern portions lies the Eifel National Park. Geography Location The Eifel lies between the cities of Aachen to the north, Trier to the south and Koblenz to the east. It descends in the northeast along a line from Aachen via Düren to Bonn into the Lower Rhine Bay. In the east and south it is bounded by the valleys of the Rhine and the Moselle. To the west it transitions in Belgium and Luxembourg into the geologically related Ardennes and the Luxembourg Ösling. In the north it is limited by the Jülich-Zülpicher Börde. Within Germany it lies within the states of Rhineland-Palatinate and North Rhine-Westphalia; in the Benelux the area of Eupen, St. Vith and Luxemb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friendly Fire
In military terminology, friendly fire or fratricide is an attack by belligerent or neutral forces on friendly troops while attempting to attack enemy/hostile targets. Examples include misidentifying the target as hostile, cross-fire while engaging an enemy, long range ranging errors or inaccuracy. Accidental fire not intended to attack enemy/hostile targets, and deliberate firing on one's own troops for disciplinary reasons, is not called friendly fire,Regan, Geoffrey (2002) ''Backfire: a history of friendly fire from ancient warfare to the present day'', Robson Books and neither is unintentional harm to civilian or neutral targets, which is sometimes referred to as collateral damage. Training accidents and bloodless incidents also do not qualify as friendly fire in terms of casualty reporting. Use of the term "friendly" in a military context for allied personnel started during the First World War, often when shells fell short of the targeted enemy. The term ''friendly fire'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
5 Cm FlaK 41
The 5 cm FlaK 41 ''(Flugabwehrkanone 41)'' was a German anti-aircraft gun produced for defending the intermediate zone above the range of light () guns, but below the ceiling of the heavy ( and above) pieces. The gun proved inadequate and was produced only in small numbers. Development Development of the gun was slow: it began in 1936, but the contract was awarded to Rheinmetall-Borsig Rheinmetall AG is a German automotive and arms manufacturer, headquartered in Düsseldorf, Germany. Its shares are traded on the Frankfurt stock exchange. History Rheinmetall was founded in 1889. Banker and investor Lorenz Zuckermandel L ... only in 1940. The gun was produced in two models, one mounted on a two-axle trailer, the other one stationary and used for defending important industrial installations. Neither was a success, and they shared the same faults. The speed of traverse was too slow for fast-moving targets and the gun proved underpowered, even though the propellant g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2 Cm Flak 30, Flak 38 And Flakvierling 38
The Flak 30 (''Flugzeugabwehrkanone 30'') and improved Flak 38 were 20 mm anti-aircraft guns used by various German forces throughout World War II. It was not only the primary German light anti-aircraft gun but by far the most numerously produced German artillery piece throughout the war. It was produced in a variety of models, notably the Flakvierling 38 which combined four Flak 38 autocannons onto a single carriage. Development The Germans fielded the unrelated early 2 cm Flak 28 just after World War I, but the Treaty of Versailles outlawed these weapons and they were sold to Switzerland. The original Flak 30 design was developed from the Solothurn ST-5 as a project for the Kriegsmarine, which produced the 20 mm C/30. The gun fired the "Long Solothurn", a 20 × 138 mm belted cartridge that had been developed for the ST-5 and was one of the more powerful 20 mm rounds. The C/30, featuring a barrel length of 65 calibres, had a fire rate of about ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Army Detachment Narwa
, image = , image_size = 200px , dates = , country = , branch = Army , type = , role = , size = Corps , command_structure = , garrison = , nickname = "Gruppe Hilpert" (early 1943) , patron = , motto = , colors = , march = , mascot = , battles = Unternehmen BarbarossaBattle of the Sea of Azov Crimean campaign Siege of SevastopolSiege of Leningrad Leningrad-Novgorod Offensive , notable_commanders = Erick-Oskar Hansen Carl HilpertOtto Sponheimer , start_date = 1 June 1941 , end_date = 2 February 1944 The LIV Army Corps (german: ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
10th Luftwaffe Field Division (Germany)
The 10th ''Luftwaffe'' Field Division (german: 10.Luftwaffen-Feld-Division) was an infantry division of the ''Luftwaffe'' branch of the ''Wehrmacht'' that fought in World War II. History the division was formed in October 1942 from surplus ground crew Luftwaffe personnel in western Germany and was used on the German-Soviet front from December 1942. On 1 November 1943, the division was transferred to the Wehrmacht and renamed Field Division 10 (L). At that time, the Luftwaffe Field Division 10 was stationed in front of the Oranienbaum Bridgehead in northern Russia as part of the 18th Army. The Division was disbanded on 3 February 1944 and the remains of the division were incorporated into the 170th Infantry Division. Commanders *Generalmajor Walter Wadehn Walter may refer to: People * Walter (name), both a surname and a given name * Little Walter, American blues harmonica player Marion Walter Jacobs (1930–1968) * Gunther (wrestler), Austrian professional wrestler and train ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
9th Luftwaffe Field Division (Germany)
__NOTOC__ The 9th ''Luftwaffe'' Field Division (german: 9.Luftwaffen-Feld-Division) was an infantry division of the ''Luftwaffe'' branch of the ''Wehrmacht'' that fought in World War II. It was formed using surplus ground crew of the ''Luftwaffe'' and served on the Eastern Front from late 1942 to June 1944. It was badly mauled during the Soviet offensive of January 1944 near Leningrad. It was later merged with the 225th Infantry Division. Operational history The 9th ''Luftwaffe'' Field Division, one of several such divisions of the ''Luftwaffe'' (German Air Force), was formed in October 1942 in Eastern Prussia, in the Arys Troop Maneuver Area, under the command of ''Oberst'' Hans Erdmann. Intended to serve as infantry, its personnel were largely drawn from the 62nd Air Regiment. In December 1942, it was assigned to Army Group North on the Eastern Front. Posted to a sector near Leningrad Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterbur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Narva (river)
The river Narva ( et, Narva jõgi; russian: Нарва), formerly also Narova flows north into the Baltic Sea and is the largest Estonian river by discharge. A similar length of land far to the south, together with it and a much longer intermediate lake, altogether forms the Estonia-Russia border. The long lake, mentioned, which the river drains is Lake Peipus. The lake notably drains the much longer Russian river, the Velikaya, and a large, splayed drainage basin in the two countries. The river gives its name to the Narva culture and the city of Narva, which faces the Russian town Ivangorod. At the coast it passes part of the resort of Narva-Jõesuu. Its mouth is specifically into the very open WNW-facing Narva Bay of the Gulf of Finland. It gives the second-greatest discharge into the Gulf of Finland. The greatest discharge is the Neva, ranking fourth as to European rivers. Etymology The etymology of the toponym ''Narva'' is not clear, but according to the most common ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
