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1993 Russian Legislative Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Russia on 12 December 1993. Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1642 They were the first parliamentary elections in post-Soviet Russia and the only time to the Federation Council,Nohlen & Stöver, p1656 with future members appointed by provincial legislatures and governors. Background The 1993 general election was taking place in the aftermath of the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, a violent confrontation on the streets of Moscow which resulted in the dissolution of the previous Russian parliament by military force. Boris Yeltsin hoped to resolve the political turmoil by decreeing for the election to the new Russian parliament and the constitutional referendum to take place on 12 December 1993. Electoral system The new election law adopted for the 1993 Duma election stipulated half the 450 Duma members were elected by a party-list system of proportional representation, and half were elected as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1990 Russian Supreme Soviet Election
Legislative elections were held in the Russian SFSR on 4 March 1990. A total of 1,068 deputies were elected to the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR for a term of five years, 86% of them from the Communist Party; the rest were non-communists. Parties other than the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) were now allowed to participate in the election, so the elections were competitive and the Democratic Russia movement, an organization uniting many opposition political groups, won about 190 seats. The elected Congress began its first session on 16 May. Among the elected deputies from the CPSU was Boris Yeltsin, who was then elected by the Congress as Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of RSFSR, effectively the leader of Russia. Many CPSU members, including Yeltsin, subsequently resigned from the CPSU. The CPSU was temporarily banned by Yeltsin in August 1991 in the aftermath of the August Coup, and the CPSU, along with the Soviet Union, collapsed completely by December of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Party-list System
A party-list system is a type of electoral system that formally involves political parties in the electoral process, usually to facilitate multi-winner elections. In party-list systems, parties put forward a list of candidates, the party-list who stand for election on one ticket. Voters can usually vote directly for the party-list, but in other systems voters may vote for directly individuals candidates within or across party lists (such systems are referred to as open list and panachage), besides or instead of voting directly for parties (mixed electoral systems). Most commonly, party-list systems refer to party-list proportional representation, but there are other electoral systems using party-lists including the general ticket (party block voting) and mixed electoral systems. Not only are not all party-list systems proportional, not all proportional systems are party-list systems. Candidates who won their seats from a party-list are called list MPs. Types party-list systems ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yeltsin
Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin ( rus, Борис Николаевич Ельцин, p=bɐˈrʲis nʲɪkɐˈla(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ ˈjelʲtsɨn, a=Ru-Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin.ogg; 1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was a Soviet and Russian politician who served as the first president of the Russian Federation from 1991 to 1999. He was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1961 to 1990. He later stood as a political independent, during which time he was viewed as being ideologically aligned with liberalism and Russian nationalism. Yeltsin was born in Butka, Ural Oblast. He grew up in Kazan and Berezniki. After studying at the Ural State Technical University, he worked in construction. After joining the Communist Party, he rose through its ranks, and in 1976 he became First Secretary of the party's Sverdlovsk Oblast committee. Yeltsin was initially a supporter of the ''perestroika'' reforms of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. He later criticized the reforms as being to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dieter Nohlen
Dieter Nohlen (born 6 November 1939) is a German academic and political scientist. He currently holds the position of Emeritus Professor of Political Science in the Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences of the University of Heidelberg. An expert on electoral system An electoral system or voting system is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined. Electoral systems are used in politics to elect governments, while non-political elections ma ...s and political development, he has published several books. IDEA Bibliography Books published by Nohlen include: *''Electoral systems of the world'' (in German, 1978) *''Lexicon of politics'' (seven volumes) *''Elections and Electoral Systems'' (1996) *''Electi ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eighth of Earth's inhabitable landmass. Russia extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones and shares Borders of Russia, land boundaries with fourteen countries, more than List of countries and territories by land borders, any other country but China. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, world's ninth-most populous country and List of European countries by population, Europe's most populous country, with a population of 146 million people. The country's capital and List of cities and towns in Russia by population, largest city is Moscow, the List of European cities by population within city limits, largest city entirely within E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vladimir Shumeiko
Vladimir Filippovich Shumeyko (also spelled Shumeiko) (russian: link=no, Влади́мир Фили́ппович Шуме́йко) (born February 10, 1945) is a Russian political figure. In November 1991, Vladimir Shumeyko was appointed deputy chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation. In May 1992, Shumeyko, leading a parliamentary delegation, visited Damascus. In June 1992, he became a first deputy prime minister of the Russian government and held that office during the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993. In August 1992, Shumeyko announced that $1 billion of foreign investment was obtained for Russia. Shumeyko held the post of the chairman of the Federation Council of Russia, Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of Russia, Federal Assembly of Russia between January 1994 and January 1996. References 1945 births Living people Politicians from Rostov-on-Don Members of the Federation Council of Russia (1994–1996) Chairmen of the Federation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vladimir Shumeyko
Vladimir Filippovich Shumeyko (also spelled Shumeiko) (russian: link=no, Влади́мир Фили́ппович Шуме́йко) (born February 10, 1945) is a Russian political figure. In November 1991, Vladimir Shumeyko was appointed deputy chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation. In May 1992, Shumeyko, leading a parliamentary delegation, visited Damascus. In June 1992, he became a first deputy prime minister of the Russian government and held that office during the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993. In August 1992, Shumeyko announced that $1 billion of foreign investment was obtained for Russia. Shumeyko held the post of the chairman of the Federation Council The Federation Council (russian: Сове́т Федера́ции – ''Soviet Federatsii'', common abbreviation: Совфед – ''Sovfed''), or Senate (officially, starting from July 1, 2020) ( ru , Сенат , translit = Senat), is th ... of the Federal Assembly of Russia betwe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chairman Of The Federation Council (Russia)
The Chairman of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (russian: Председатель Совета Федерации Федерального собрания Российской Федерации), also called ''Speaker'' (), is the presiding officer of the Upper house of the Russian parliament. It is the third highest position, after the President and the Prime Minister, in the government of Russia. In the case of incapacity of the President and Prime Minister, the chairman of the Federation Council becomes Acting President of Russia. Procedure for election The Chairman is elected from among the senators. That is the position held by one of the members of the Federation Council. The election is conducted by secret ballot using the ballot. The Federation Council may decide to hold a secret ballot using the electronic system. Candidates for the post of Chairman of the Federation Council senators offered. Each member of the Council of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Federation Council (Russia)
The Federation Council (russian: Сове́т Федера́ции – ''Soviet Federatsii'', common abbreviation: Совфед – ''Sovfed''), or Senate (officially, starting from July 1, 2020) ( ru , Сенат , translit = Senat), is the upper house of the Federal Assembly of Russia (the parliament of the Russia, Russian Federation), according to the 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation. Each of the 89 federal subjects of Russia (including Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, two annexed in 2014 and Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts, four more in 2022, that are not recognized by the international community) – consisting of 24 republics of Russia, republics, 48 oblasts of Russia, oblasts, nine krais of Russia, krais, three federal cities of Russia, federal cities, four autonomous okrugs of Russia, autonomous okrugs, and one autonomous oblasts of Russia, autonomous oblast – sends two senators to the Council, fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ivan Rybkin
Ivan Petrovich Rybkin (; born 20 October 1946) is a Russian politician. He was Chairman of Russia's State Duma in 1994–96 and Secretary of the Security Council in 1996–98. He ran for the Russian presidency in 2004, before dropping out after allegedly being kidnapped and drugged by Russian state Federal Security Service (FSB) officers. Early life He was born in village of Semigorka, Voronesh Oblast. In 1968, Rybkin graduated from Volgograd Agricultural Institute, and in 1991 from the Soviet Academy of Social Sciences. Political career After a career on lower ranks of the Communist Party, Rybkin was elected as peoples' deputy to the congress of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic in 1990. In 1993, Rybkin became a member of the Agrarian Party of Russia. That very year in December, he was elected deputy of the State Duma. Speaker of Russian State Duma In 1994, Rybkin was elected speaker of the State Duma. In January 1995, he became a member of the Security Counc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1993 Russian Constitutional Crisis
The 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, also known as the 1993 October Coup, Black October, the Shooting of the White House or Ukaz 1400, was a political stand-off and a constitutional crisis between the Russian president Boris Yeltsin and the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation that was resolved by Yeltsin using military force. The relations between the president and the parliament had been deteriorating for some time. The power struggle reached its crisis on 21 September 1993, when President Yeltsin intended to dissolve the country's highest body ( Congress of People's Deputies) and parliament (Supreme Soviet), although the constitution did not give the president the power to do so. Yeltsin justified his orders by the results of the referendum of April 1993, although many in Russia both then and now claim that referendum was not won fairly. In response, the parliament declared the president's decision null and void, impeached Yeltsin and proclaimed vice president A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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