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1945 French Constitutional Referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in France on 21 October 1945.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p674 Voters were asked whether they approved of the Assembly elected on the same day serving as a Constituent Assembly, and whether until a new constitution was approved, the country would be governed according to a proposed set of laws that appeared on the ballot paper. If the first proposal had not been approved, the Third Republic would have been restored, but its approval led to the elected Assembly drafting a constitution and proposing it to the people a year later, resulting in the creation of the Fourth Republic. Both were approved by wide margins with a turnout of 79.8%.Nohlen & Stöver, p684 Results Question I Question II See also * 1945 French constitutional referendum in Algeria * 1945 French constitutional referendum in Cameroon * 1945 French constitutional referendum in Chad–Ubangi-Shari * 1945 French consti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its Metropolitan France, metropolitan area extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea; overseas territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the North Atlantic, the French West Indies, and many islands in Oceania and the Indian Ocean. Due to its several coastal territories, France has the largest exclusive economic zone in the world. France borders Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Monaco, Italy, Andorra, and Spain in continental Europe, as well as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Netherlands, Suriname, and Brazil in the Americas via its overseas territories in French Guiana and Saint Martin (island), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1945 French Constitutional Referendum In Gabon–Moyen Congo
A constitutional referendum was held in Gabon and Moyen Congo on 21 October 1945 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. Both questions were approved by large margins. Voter turnout was 68.1%.Sternberger, D, Vogel, B, Nohlen, D & Landfried, K (1969) ''Die Wahl der Parlamente: Band II: Afrika, Erster Halbband'', p1047 Results Question I Question II References {{DEFAULTSORT:French constitutional referendum, 1945 (Gabon-Moyen Congo) France Moyen Referendums in Gabon Constitutional Referendums in the Republic of the Congo Constitutional A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organisation or other type of entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed. When these princi ... Referendums in France Constitutional referendums in France Moyen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1945 Elections In France
1945 marked the end of World War II and the fall of Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan. It is also the only year in which nuclear weapons have been used in combat. Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. January * January 1 – WWII: ** Germany begins Operation Bodenplatte, an attempt by the ''Luftwaffe'' to cripple Allied air forces in the Low Countries. ** Chenogne massacre: German prisoners are allegedly killed by American forces near the village of Chenogne, Belgium. * January 6 – WWII: A German offensive recaptures Esztergom, Hungary from the Russians. * January 12 – WWII: The Soviet Union begins the Vistula–Oder Offensive in Eastern Europe, against the German Army. * January 13 – WWII: The Soviet Union begins the East Prussian Offensive, to eliminate German forces in East Prussia. * January 16 – WWII: Adolf Hitler takes residence in the ''Führerbunker'' in Berlin. * January 17 ** WWII: The Soviet Union occupies Warsaw, P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1945 Referendums
1945 marked the end of World War II and the fall of Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan. It is also the only year in which nuclear weapons have been used in combat. Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. January * January 1 – WWII: ** Germany begins Operation Bodenplatte, an attempt by the ''Luftwaffe'' to cripple Allied air forces in the Low Countries. ** Chenogne massacre: German prisoners are allegedly killed by American forces near the village of Chenogne, Belgium. * January 6 – WWII: A German offensive recaptures Esztergom, Hungary from the Russians. * January 12 – WWII: The Soviet Union begins the Vistula–Oder Offensive in Eastern Europe, against the German Army. * January 13 – WWII: The Soviet Union begins the East Prussian Offensive, to eliminate German forces in East Prussia. * January 16 – WWII: Adolf Hitler takes residence in the ''Führerbunker'' in Berlin. * January 17 ** WWII: The Soviet Union occupies Warsaw, P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Referendums In France
In France there are two types of referendum: * At the national level, a legislative referendum on the initiative of President of the French Republic on a proposal by the Cabinet or the Parliament (since 1958 ); * Locally, a local referendum initiative (since 2003). The Constitutional Law of 23 July 2008 provides a shared initiative referendum (organized on the initiative of one-fifth of the members of Parliament, supported by one-tenth of registered voters). Concept The referendum is a process used to reclaim democratic ideals, in which "the body of citizens are called to express, through a referendum, an opinion or intention with respect to any measure that other authority has taken or plans to take" (translated),Defined by Julien Laferrière 1947; Original text: ''le corps des citoyens est appelé à exprimer, par une votation populaire, son avis ou sa volonté à l'égard d'une mesure qu'une autre autorité a prise ou envisage de prendre.''. which will be acted upon or ado ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1945 French Constitutional Referendum In Tunisia
A constitutional referendum was held in Tunisia on 21 October 1945 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. The first question on the new French National Assembly serving as a constituent assembly was approved by 99% of voters, whilst the temporary constitution proposed in the second question was approved by 79% of voters. Both proposals were also approved in the overall vote. Voter turnout was 69.2%.Sternberger, D, Vogel, B, Nohlen, D & Landfried, K (1969) ''Die Wahl der Parlamente: Band II: Afrika, Zweiter Halbband'', p2293 Results Question I Question II References {{Tunisian elections 1945 referendums October 1945 events in Africa 1945 1945 marked the end of World War II and the fall of Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan. It is also the only year in which nuclear weapons have been used in combat. Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. Janu ... 1945 in Tunisia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1945 French Constitutional Referendum In Mauritania−Senegal
A constitutional referendum was held in Mauritania and Senegal on 21 October 1945 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. The first question on the new French National Assembly serving as a constituent assembly was approved by 99% of voters, but the temporary constitution proposed in the second question was rejected by 51% of voters. Both proposals were approved in the overall vote. Voter turnout was 60.4%.Sternberger, D, Vogel, B, Nohlen, D & Landfried, K (1969) ''Die Wahl der Parlamente: Band II: Afrika, Zweiter Halbband'', p1856 Results Question I Question II References {{DEFAULTSORT:French constitutional referendum, 1945 (Mauritania-Senegal) 1945 referendums October 1945 events in Africa 1945 1945 in Mauritania 1945 1945 marked the end of World War II and the fall of Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan. It is also the only year in which nuclear weapons have been used in combat. Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1945 French Constitutional Referendum In Ivory Coast
A constitutional referendum was held in Ivory Coast (which included Upper Volta at the time) on 21 October 1945 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. Both questions were approved by large margins. Voter turnout was 74.9%.Sternberger, D, Vogel, B, Nohlen, D & Landfried, K (1969) ''Die Wahl der Parlamente: Band II: Afrika, Erster Halbband'', p675 Results Question I Question II References {{Ivorian elections 1945 referendums October 1945 events in Africa 1945 1945 in French Upper Volta 1945 1945 marked the end of World War II and the fall of Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan. It is also the only year in which nuclear weapons have been used in combat. Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. Janu ... 1945 in Ivory Coast Constitutional referendums in France ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1945 French Constitutional Referendum In Guinea
A constitutional referendum was held in Guinea on 21 October 1945 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. Both questions were approved by large margins. Voter turnout was 73.5%.Sternberger, D, Vogel, B, Nohlen, D & Landfried, K (1969) ''Die Wahl der Parlamente: Band II: Afrika, Erster Halbband'', p835 Results Question I Question II References {{Guinean elections 1945 referendums October 1945 events in Africa 1945 1945 marked the end of World War II and the fall of Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan. It is also the only year in which nuclear weapons have been used in combat. Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. Janu ... 1945 in Guinea Constitutional referendums in France ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1945 French Constitutional Referendum In French Sudan−Niger
A constitutional referendum was held in French Sudan and Niger on 21 October 1945 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. The first question on the new French National Assembly serving as a constituent assembly was approved by 97% of voters, whilst the temporary constitution proposed in the second question was approved by 86% of voters. Both proposals were also approved in the overall vote. Voter turnout was 79.3%.Sternberger, D, Vogel, B, Nohlen, D & Landfried, K (1969) ''Die Wahl der Parlamente: Band II: Afrika, Erster Halbband'', p1248 Results Question I Question II References {{DEFAULTSORT:French constitutional referendum, 1945 (French Sudan-Niger) 1945 referendums 1945 1945 in French Sudan 1945 1945 marked the end of World War II and the fall of Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan. It is also the only year in which nuclear weapons have been used in combat. Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. Janu ... 19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dieter Nohlen
Dieter Nohlen (born 6 November 1939) is a German academic and political scientist. He currently holds the position of Emeritus Professor of Political Science in the Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences of the University of Heidelberg. An expert on electoral system An electoral system or voting system is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined. Electoral systems are used in politics to elect governments, while non-political elections m ...s and political development, he has published several books. IDEA Bibliography Books published by Nohlen include: *''Electoral systems of the world'' (in German, 1978) *''Lexicon of politics'' (seven volumes) *''Elections and Electoral Systems'' (1996) *''Elect ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1945 French Constitutional Referendum In French Somaliland
A constitutional referendum was held in French Somaliland on 21 October 1945 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. Both referendum questions were approved by large margins. Voter turnout was 73.4%.Sternberger, D, Vogel, B, Nohlen, D & Landfried, K (1969) ''Die Wahl der Parlamente: Band II: Afrika, Erster Halbband'', p630 Results Question I Question II References {{Djiboutian elections 1945 referendums 1945 1945 marked the end of World War II and the fall of Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan. It is also the only year in which nuclear weapons have been used in combat. Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. Janu ... 1945 in French Somaliland Constitutional referendums in France October 1945 events in Africa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
