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1854 In France
Events from the year 1854 in France. Incumbents * Monarch – Napoleon III Events *27 March - United Kingdom declares war on Russia and Crimean War begins. *28 March - France declares war on Russia. *16 August - Russian troops in the island of Bomarsund in Åland surrender to French-British troops. *18 August - Siege of Petropavlovsk by Anglo-French naval forces begins. *20 September - Battle of Alma, Anglo-French force defeats the Russians in the first battle of the war. *17 October - Siege of Sevastopol by Anglo-French forces begins. *25 October - Battle of Balaclava, indecisive battle between the allied forces of the United Kingdom, Second French Empire and the Ottoman Empire against Russia. *5 November - Battle of Inkerman, Anglo-French forces defeat the Russians. *27 November - André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri patents a method of producing ''carte de visite'' photographs. *Luxury goods brand Louis Vuitton is founded in Paris by Louis Vuitton. Births *29 April - Henri Poi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its Metropolitan France, metropolitan area extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea; overseas territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the North Atlantic, the French West Indies, and many islands in Oceania and the Indian Ocean. Due to its several coastal territories, France has the largest exclusive economic zone in the world. France borders Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Monaco, Italy, Andorra, and Spain in continental Europe, as well as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Netherlands, Suriname, and Brazil in the Americas via its overseas territories in French Guiana and Saint Martin (island), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri
André Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri (; 28 March 1819 – 4 October 1889) was a French photographer who started his photographic career as a daguerreotypist but gained greater fame for patenting his version of the ''carte de visite,'' a small photographic image which was mounted on a card. Disdéri, a brilliant showman, made this system of mass-production portraiture world famous. Early life Disdéri began his working life in a number of occupations, while also studying art. He started as a daguerreotypist in Brest in 1848 or 1849 but in December 1852 or January 1853 he moved to Nîmes. There he received assistance from Édouard Boyer and Joseph Jean Pierre Laurent with his photography-related chemistry experiments. After a year in Nîmes he moved to Paris, enabling easy access to people who would be the subjects of his ''cartes de visite.'' Disdéri and the ''carte de visite'' Photographs had previously served as calling cards,Wilder. but Disdéri's invention of the paper ''cart ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1891 In France
Events from the year 1891 in France. Incumbents *President of France, President: Marie François Sadi Carnot *Prime Minister of France, President of the Council of Ministers: Charles de Freycinet Events * 1 May – Nine killed and thirty wounded when troops fire on workers' May Day demonstration in support of eight-hour day, eight-hour workday in Fourmies, Nord, Fourmies. * 27 August – France and Russia conclude defensive alliance. Arts and literature * Gustave Moreau becomes a professor at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. * Henri Matisse begins his studies as an artist at École des Beaux-Arts Births January to June * 2 January – Didier Daurat, aviation pioneer (died 1969 in France, 1969) * 14 January – Félix Goethals, cyclist (died 1962 in France, 1962) * 19 April – Françoise Rosay, actress (died 1974 in France, 1974) * 17 May – Roger Blaizot, General (died 1981 in France, 1981) July to September * 7 July – Xavier Vallat, politician and Commissioner-General ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arthur Rimbaud
Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud (, ; 20 October 1854 – 10 November 1891) was a French poet known for his transgressive and surreal themes and for his influence on modern literature and arts, prefiguring surrealism. Born in Charleville, he started writing at a very young age and excelled as a student, but abandoned his formal education in his teenage years to run away to Paris amidst the Franco-Prussian War. During his late adolescence and early adulthood, he produced the bulk of his literary output. Rimbaud completely stopped writing literature at age 20 after assembling his last major work, ''Illuminations''. Rimbaud was a libertine and a restless soul, having engaged in a hectic, sometimes violent romantic relationship with fellow poet Paul Verlaine, which lasted nearly two years. After his retirement as a writer, he traveled extensively on three continents as a merchant and explorer until his death from cancer just after his thirty-seventh birthday. As a poet, Rimbaud is wel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1914 In France
Events from the year 1914 in France. Incumbents *President: Raymond Poincaré *President of the Council of Ministers: ** until 9 June: Gaston Doumergue ** 9 June-13 June: Alexandre Ribot ** starting 13 June: René Viviani Events *16 March – Wife of French minister Joseph Caillaux shoots Gaston Calmette, the editor of ''Le Figaro'' because he threatened to publish Caillaux's love letters to her during his previous marriage; she is later acquitted by a jury. *26 April – French legislative election held. *10 May – French legislative election held. *31 July – Jean Jaurès assassinated by a French nationalist fanatic *3 August – Germany declares war on Russia's ally France. *9 August – Battle of Mulhouse begins, the opening attack of World War I by the French army against Germany. *26 August – Allies withdraw from Le Cateau to Saint-Quentin, after Battle of Le Cateau. *29 August – French Fifth Army attack St. Quentin. *30 August – French Fifth Army retreat from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dreyfus Affair
The Dreyfus affair (french: affaire Dreyfus, ) was a political scandal that divided the French Third Republic from 1894 until its resolution in 1906. "L'Affaire", as it is known in French, has come to symbolise modern injustice in the Francophone world, and it remains one of the most notable examples of a complex miscarriage of justice and antisemitism. The role played by the press and public opinion proved influential in the conflict. The scandal began in December 1894 when Captain Alfred Dreyfus was convicted of treason. Dreyfus was a 35-year-old Alsatian French artillery officer of Jewish descent. He was falsely convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for communicating French military secrets to the German Embassy in Paris, and was imprisoned on Devil's Island in French Guiana, where he spent nearly five years. In 1896, evidence came to light—primarily through an investigation made by Georges Picquart, head of counter-espionage—which identified the real culprit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Georges Picquart
Marie-Georges Picquart (6 September 1854 – 19 January 1914) was a French Army officer and Minister of War. He is best known for his role in the Dreyfus affair, in which he played a key role in uncovering the real culprit. Early career Picquart was born in Strasbourg. He began his military career in 1872, graduating from the '' Ecole Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr'' as fifth in his year. Picquart served as an infantry officer in France before seeing service in Indochina. He subsequently studied at the General Staff Academy (''École d'État-major'') where he was second in his class, after which he became a lecturer at the War Academy (''École supérieure de guerre''). One of his students at the latter institute was Alfred Dreyfus. Picquart and the Dreyfus Affair Picquart was then appointed to the General Staff in Paris. As a staff officer he acted as reporter of the debates in the first Dreyfus court-martial for the then Minister of War, Auguste Mercier, and the Chief of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1934 In France
Events from the year 1934 in France. Incumbents *President: Albert Lebrun *President of the Council of Ministers: ** until 30 January: Camille Chautemps ** 30 January-9 February: Édouard Daladier ** 9 February-8 November: Gaston Doumergue ** starting 8 November: Pierre-Étienne Flandin Events *6 February – an anti-parliamentarist demonstration organised in Paris by far-right leagues, finished in a riot and led to a political crisis. *9 February – Gaston Doumergue forms a new government. *9 October – King Alexander of Yugoslavia and French foreign minister, Louis Barthou, are assassinated during the king's state visit in Marseilles. *2 December – first public performance by the Quintette du Hot Club de France at the Ecole Normale de Musique, 78 rue Cardinet in Paris, as "Un orchestre d'un genre nouveau de Jazz Hot", led by Django Reinhardt. Sport *6 April – The French Rugby League was formed. *3 July – Tour de France begins. *29 July – Tour de France ends, won ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paul Marie Eugène Vieille
Paul Marie Eugène Vieille (2 September 1854 – 14 January 1934) was a French chemist who invented modern nitrocellulose-based smokeless gunpowder in 1884. He was a graduate of Ecole Polytechnique. Impact The new smokeless powder, called Poudre B, was three times as powerful as black powder for the same weight and left virtually no residues of combustion. Paul Vieille soon became director of the "Laboratoire Central des Poudres et Salpetres" in Paris, where his research had taken place. His invention was applied not only to small arms but also to the full range of artillery ammunition. His invention was widely followed within a short time by all the major military powers. Vieille received the Prix Leconte (₣50,000) in 1889 in recognition of his discovery. Veille was a member of the French Academy of Sciences The French Academy of Sciences (French: ''Académie des sciences'') is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV of France, Louis XIV at the suggestion of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1912 In France
Events from the year 1912 in France. Incumbents *President: Armand Fallières *President of the Council of Ministers: Joseph Caillaux (until 21 January), Raymond Poincaré (starting 21 January) Events *13 January – Raymond Poincaré forms a coalition government, beginning his first term of office as Prime Minister on 21 January. *30 March – Treaty of Fez, Sultan Abdelhafid gives up the sovereignty of Morocco, making it a protectorate of France. *10 April – embarks passengers from tenders at Cherbourg for the only time. Arts and literature *Marcel Duchamp paints ''Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2''. Sport *26 June – 1912 French Grand Prix, won by Georges Boillot driving a Peugeot.Higham, Peter (1995). ''The Guinness Guide to International Motor Racing''. Guinness Publishing. p. 194. . *30 June–28 July – 10th Tour de France, won by Odiel Defraye. Births January to March *6 January – Jacques Ellul, philosopher, sociologist, theologian (died 1994) *15 January ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henri Poincaré
Jules Henri Poincaré ( S: stress final syllable ; 29 April 1854 – 17 July 1912) was a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science. He is often described as a polymath, and in mathematics as "The Last Universalist", since he excelled in all fields of the discipline as it existed during his lifetime. As a mathematician and physicist, he made many original fundamental contributions to pure and applied mathematics, mathematical physics, and celestial mechanics. In his research on the three-body problem, Poincaré became the first person to discover a chaotic deterministic system which laid the foundations of modern chaos theory. He is also considered to be one of the founders of the field of topology. Poincaré made clear the importance of paying attention to the invariance of laws of physics under different transformations, and was the first to present the Lorentz transformations in their modern symmetrical form. Poincaré discove ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Louis Vuitton (designer)
Louis Vuitton (; 4 August 1821 – 27 February 1892) was a French fashion designer and businessman. He was the founder of the Louis Vuitton brand of leather goods now owned by LVMH. Prior to this, he had been appointed as trunk-maker to Empress Eugénie de Montijo, wife of Napoleon III. Life and career Vuitton was born to a family of artisans, carpenters, and farmers. At the age of 10, his mother, a hat-maker, died, and his father followed soon after. Following a difficult relationship with his adoptive stepmother, Vuitton left his home in Anchay, Franche-Comté in the spring of 1835, at the age of 13. Taking odd jobs along the way, Vuitton traveled approximately 292 miles (470 km) to Paris. Arriving in 1837, in the middle of the Industrial Revolution, he apprenticed under Monsieur Marechal, a successful trunk maker and packer. Within a few years, Vuitton gained a reputation amongst Paris' more fashionable class as one of the city's premier practitioners of the craft. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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