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1691 In Science
The year 1691 in science and technology involved some significant events. Biology * Italian Jesuit scholar Filippo Bonanni publishes the results of his microscopic observations of invertebrates in ''Observationes circa Viventia, quae in Rebus non-Viventibus''. Mathematics * Gottfried Leibniz discovers the technique of separation of variables for ordinary differential equations. * Michel Rolle invents Rolle's theorem. Medicine * Anton Nuck's ''Adenographia curiosa et uteri foeminei anatome nova'' is published at Leiden, including a description of the canal of Nuck and a demonstration that the embryo is derived from the ovary and not the sperm. Technology * Edmond Halley devises a diving bell. * In music, the "equal temperament scale" used in modern music is developed by organist Andreas Werckmeister. Births * November 18 – Mårten Triewald, Sweden, Swedish mechanical engineer (died 1747 in science, 1747) Deaths * January 17 – Richard Lower (physician), Richard Lower, Engli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Science
Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence for scientific reasoning is tens of thousands of years old. The earliest written records in the history of science come from Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages, but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age and later by the efforts of Byzantine Greek scholars who brought Greek ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organist
An organist is a musician who plays any type of organ (music), organ. An organist may play organ repertoire, solo organ works, play with an musical ensemble, ensemble or orchestra, or accompany one or more singers or instrumentalist, instrumental soloists. In addition, an organist may accompany congregational hymn-singing and play liturgy, liturgical music. Classical and church organists The majority of organists, amateur and professional, are principally involved in church music, playing in churches and cathedrals. The pipe organ still plays a large part in the leading of traditional western Christian worship, with roles including the accompaniment of hymns, choral anthems and other parts of the worship. The degree to which the organ is involved varies depending on the church and denomination. It also may depend on the standard of the organist. In more provincial settings, organists may be more accurately described as pianists obliged to play the organ for worship services; nev ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1627 In Science
The year 1627 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * Johannes Kepler's ''Rudolphine Tables'' are published. Exploration * January – The Netherlands, Dutch ship '''t Gulden Zeepaert (schip, 1626), 't Gulden Zeepaert'', skippered by François Thijssen, sails along the south coast of Australia. Medicine * Adriaan van den Spiegel's ' is published posthumously in Venice with illustrations by Giulio Casserio. * Gaspare Aselli's ' is published posthumously in Milan. Publications * Francis Bacon's '', or A Natural History'' and ''New Atlantis'' are published posthumously. Births * January 25 – Robert Boyle, Anglo-Irish chemist (died 1691 in science, 1691) * November 29 – John Ray, English people, English naturalist (died 1705 in science, 1705) Deaths * February 22 – Olivier van Noort Dutch people, Dutch circumnavigator (born 1558 in science, 1558) * July 20 – Guðbrandur Þorláksson, Icelandic mathematician and cartographer (born 1541 in sc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemist
A chemist (from Greek ''chēm(ía)'' alchemy; replacing ''chymist'' from Medieval Latin ''alchemist'') is a scientist trained in the study of chemistry. Chemists study the composition of matter and its properties. Chemists carefully describe the properties they study in terms of quantities, with detail on the level of molecules and their component atoms. Chemists carefully measure substance proportions, chemical reaction rates, and other chemical properties. In Commonwealth English, pharmacists are often called chemists. Chemists use their knowledge to learn the composition and properties of unfamiliar substances, as well as to reproduce and synthesize large quantities of useful naturally occurring substances and create new artificial substances and useful processes. Chemists may specialize in any number of subdisciplines of chemistry. Materials scientists and metallurgists share much of the same education and skills with chemists. The work of chemists is often related to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robert Boyle
Robert Boyle (; 25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was an Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, alchemist and inventor. Boyle is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist, and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry, and one of the pioneers of modern experimental scientific method. He is best known for Boyle's law, which describes the inversely proportional relationship between the absolute pressure and volume of a gas, if the temperature is kept constant within a closed system. Among his works, '' The Sceptical Chymist'' is seen as a cornerstone book in the field of chemistry. He was a devout and pious Anglican and is noted for his writings in theology. Biography Early years Boyle was born at Lismore Castle, in County Waterford, Ireland, the seventh son and fourteenth child of The 1st Earl of Cork ('the Great Earl of Cork') and Catherine Fenton. Lord Cork, then known simply as Richard Boyle, had arrived in Dublin from England i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1631 In Science
The year 1631 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * November 7 – Using Kepler's predictions of planetary transits made in 1630, Pierre Gassendi makes the first recorded observation of the transit of Mercury. The observed size of Mercury's disc is significantly smaller than had been expected from Ptolemaic theory. Geology * December 16 – Volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius for the only time this century. Mathematics * William Oughtred publishes ''Clavis Mathematicae'', introducing the multiplication sign (×) and proportion sign (::). * Some of Thomas Harriot's writings on algebra are published posthumously as ''Artis Analyticae Praxis''. Technology * Earliest known bentside spinet, made by Hieronymus de Zentis. Hubbard, Frank (1967). Births * ''approx. date'' ** William Ball, English astronomer (died 1690) ** Richard Lower, English physician, performs first direct blood transfusion (died 1691) Deaths * October 20 – Michael Maestlin, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blood Transfusion
Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood products into a person's circulation intravenously. Transfusions are used for various medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood. Early transfusions used whole blood, but modern medical practice commonly uses only components of the blood, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, clotting factors and platelets. Red blood cells (RBC) contain hemoglobin, and supply the cells of the body with oxygen. White blood cells are not commonly used during transfusion, but they are part of the immune system, and also fight infections. Plasma is the "yellowish" liquid part of blood, which acts as a buffer, and contains proteins and important substances needed for the body's overall health. Platelets are involved in blood clotting, preventing the body from bleeding. Before these components were known, doctors believed that blood was homogeneous. Because of this scientific misunderstanding, many patients died b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Physician
A physician (American English), medical practitioner (Commonwealth English), medical doctor, or simply doctor, is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through the study, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments. Physicians may focus their practice on certain disease categories, types of patients, and methods of treatment—known as specialities—or they may assume responsibility for the provision of continuing and comprehensive medical care to individuals, families, and communities—known as general practice. Medical practice properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the academic disciplines, such as anatomy and physiology, underlying diseases and their treatment—the ''science'' of medicine—and also a decent competence in its applied practice—the art or ''craft'' of medicine. Both the role of the physician and the meaning ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
English People
The English people are an ethnic group and nation native to England, who speak the English language in England, English language, a West Germanic languages, West Germanic language, and share a common history and culture. The English identity is of History of Anglo-Saxon England, Anglo-Saxon origin, when they were known in Old English as the ('race or tribe of the Angles'). Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Great Britain around the 5th century AD. The English largely descend from two main historical population groups the West Germanic tribes (the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians) who settled in southern Britain following the withdrawal of the Ancient Rome, Romans, and the Romano-British culture, partially Romanised Celtic Britons already living there.Martiniano, R., Caffell, A., Holst, M. et al. Genomic signals of migration and continuity in Britain before the Anglo-Saxons. Nat Commun 7, 10326 (2016). https://doi.org/10 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Richard Lower (physician)
Richard Lower ( – 17 January 1691) was an English physician who heavily influenced the development of medical science. He is most remembered for his pioneering work on blood transfusion and the function of the cardiopulmonary system, which he described in his book '' Tractatus de Corde''. Life Lower was born in St Tudy, Cornwall, and studied at Westminster School, where he met John Locke, as well as Christ Church, Oxford, where he met Thomas Willis. He followed Willis to London, where he carried out anatomical research, some in partnership with Robert Hooke. His major work, ''Tractatus de Corde'' (1669), was concerned with the workings of the heart and lungs. Lower also experimented with blood transfusion. Lower formed part of an informal research team, performing laboratory experiments at the University of Oxford during the Interregnum. He was a pioneer of experimental physiology. Lower was a medical student under Willis (Professor of Natural Philosophy from 1660 to 1675), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1747 In Science
The year 1747 in science and technology involved some significant events. Anatomy * Bernhard Siegfried Albinus (1697–1770), with the help of the artist Jan Wandelaar (1691–1759), produces the most exact account of the bones and muscles of the human body in ''Tabulae Sceleti et Musculorum Corporis Humani''. * Albrecht von Haller publishes ''Experiments in the Anatomy of Respiration''. Engineering * École royale des ponts et chaussées established in Paris under Jean-Rodolphe Perronet. Exploration * June 24 – October 14 – The English ships ''Dobbs'' galley and ''California'', under Captains William Moore and Francis Smith, explore Hudson Bay, discovering there is no Northwest Passage by this route. Mathematics * Jean le Rond d'Alembert uses partial differential equations in mathematical physics. Medicine * January 1 - In France''Ordonnance du roi'', ''portant règlement général concernant les hôpitaux militaires''— Order of the king Louis XV, laying down general ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mechanical Engineer
Mechanical may refer to: Machine * Machine (mechanical), a system of mechanisms that shape the actuator input to achieve a specific application of output forces and movement * Mechanical calculator, a device used to perform the basic operations of arithmetic * Mechanical energy, the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy * Mechanical system, a system that manages the power of forces and movements to accomplish a task * Mechanism (engineering), a portion of a mechanical device Other * Mechanical (character), one of several characters in Shakespeare's ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'' * A kind of typeface in the VOX-ATypI classification See also * Machine, especially in opposition to an electronic item * ''Mechanical Animals'', the third full-length studio release by Marilyn Manson * Manufactured or artificial, especially in opposition to a biological or natural component * Automation, using machine decisions and processing instead of human * Mechanization, using machine labor i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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