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1685 In Science
The year 1685 in science and technology involved some significant events. Mathematics * Adam Adamandy Kochański publishes an approximation for squaring the circle. Physiology and medicine * Charles Allen publishes the first book in English on dentistry, The Operator for the Teeth'. * Govert Bidloo publishes an atlas of human anatomy, ''Ontleding des menschelyken lichaams'', with plates by Gerard de Lairesse. Technology * Menno van Coehoorn publishes his principal treatise on fortification, ''Nieuwe Vestingbouw op een natte of lage horisont'', in Leeuwarden. Births * August 18 – Brook Taylor, English mathematician (died 1731) * November 17 – Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de la Vérendrye, French Canadian explorer (died 1749) Deaths * February 2 – Pierre Bourdelot, French physician, anatomist, freethinker, abbé and libertine (born 1610) * November 23 – Bernard de Gomme, military engineer in England (born 1620) * December 12 – John Pell, English mathematician ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Science
Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence for scientific reasoning is tens of thousands of years old. The earliest written records in the history of science come from Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages, but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age and later by the efforts of Byzantine Greek scholars who brought Greek ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematician
A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems. Mathematicians are concerned with numbers, data, quantity, structure, space, models, and change. History One of the earliest known mathematicians were Thales of Miletus (c. 624–c.546 BC); he has been hailed as the first true mathematician and the first known individual to whom a mathematical discovery has been attributed. He is credited with the first use of deductive reasoning applied to geometry, by deriving four corollaries to Thales' Theorem. The number of known mathematicians grew when Pythagoras of Samos (c. 582–c. 507 BC) established the Pythagorean School, whose doctrine it was that mathematics ruled the universe and whose motto was "All is number". It was the Pythagoreans who coined the term "mathematics", and with whom the study of mathematics for its own sake begins. The first woman mathematician recorded by history was Hypati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1685 In Science
The year 1685 in science and technology involved some significant events. Mathematics * Adam Adamandy Kochański publishes an approximation for squaring the circle. Physiology and medicine * Charles Allen publishes the first book in English on dentistry, The Operator for the Teeth'. * Govert Bidloo publishes an atlas of human anatomy, ''Ontleding des menschelyken lichaams'', with plates by Gerard de Lairesse. Technology * Menno van Coehoorn publishes his principal treatise on fortification, ''Nieuwe Vestingbouw op een natte of lage horisont'', in Leeuwarden. Births * August 18 – Brook Taylor, English mathematician (died 1731) * November 17 – Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de la Vérendrye, French Canadian explorer (died 1749) Deaths * February 2 – Pierre Bourdelot, French physician, anatomist, freethinker, abbé and libertine (born 1610) * November 23 – Bernard de Gomme, military engineer in England (born 1620) * December 12 – John Pell, English mathematician ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Pell (mathematician)
John Pell (1 March 1611 – 12 December 1685) was an English mathematician and political agent abroad. Early life He was born at Southwick in Sussex. His father, also named John Pell, was from Southwick, and his mother was Mary Holland, from Halden in Kent. The second of two sons, Pell's older brother was Thomas Pell. By the time he was six, they were orphans, their father dying in 1616 and their mother the following year. John Pell the elder had a fine library, which proved valuable to the young Pell as he grew up. He was educated at Steyning Grammar School and entered Trinity College, Cambridge, at the age of 13. During his university career he became an accomplished linguist; even before taking a B.A. degree in 1629, he corresponded with Henry Briggs and other mathematicians. He was promoted by seniority to M.A. in 1630 and taught in the short-lived Chichester Academy set up by Samuel Hartlib. On 3 July 1632 he married Ithamaria Reginald (also rendered as Ithamara or Ithuma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1620 In Science
The year 1620 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * The work of Copernicus (died 1543) is edited and released, as directed by the Congregation of the Index (reading forbidden in March 1616): nine sentences, which state the heliocentric system as certain, are either omitted or changed. Cartography * The atlas ''Atlante geografico d'Italia'', compiled by Giovanni Antonio Magini, is published posthumously. Chemistry * The scientific method of reasoning is expounded by Francis Bacon in his ''Novum Organum''. Earth sciences * Francis Bacon notices the jigsaw fit of the opposite shores of the Atlantic Ocean. Medicine * Nicholas Habicot, surgeon to the Duke of Nemours, publishes a report of four successful " bronchotomies" which he has performed; these include the first recorded case of a tracheotomy for the removal of a thrombus and the first pediatric tracheotomy, to extract a foreign body from a 14-year-old's esophagus. Technology * May 17 – T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Military Engineer
Military engineering is loosely defined as the art, science, and practice of designing and building military works and maintaining lines of military transport and military communications. Military engineers are also responsible for logistics behind military tactics. Modern military engineering differs from civil engineering. In the 20th and 21st centuries, military engineering also includes other engineering disciplines such as mechanical and electrical engineering techniques. According to NATO, "military engineering is that engineer activity undertaken, regardless of component or service, to shape the physical operating environment. Military engineering incorporates support to maneuver and to the force as a whole, including military engineering functions such as engineer support to force protection, counter-improvised explosive devices, environmental protection, engineer intelligence and military search. Military engineering does not encompass the activities undertaken by thos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bernard De Gomme
Bernard (''Bernhard'') is a French and West Germanic masculine given name. It is also a surname. The name is attested from at least the 9th century. West Germanic ''Bernhard'' is composed from the two elements ''bern'' "bear" and ''hard'' "brave, hardy". Its native Old English reflex was ''Beornheard'', which was replaced by the French form ''Bernard'' that was brought to England after the Norman Conquest. The name ''Bernhard'' was notably popular among Old Frisian speakers. Its wider use was popularized due to Saint Bernhard of Clairvaux (canonized in 1174). Bernard is the second most common surname in France. Geographical distribution As of 2014, 42.2% of all known bearers of the surname ''Bernard'' were residents of France (frequency 1:392), 12.5% of the United States (1:7,203), 7.0% of Haiti (1:382), 6.6% of Tanzania (1:1,961), 4.8% of Canada (1:1,896), 3.6% of Nigeria (1:12,221), 2.7% of Burundi (1:894), 1.9% of Belgium (1:1,500), 1.6% of Rwanda (1:1,745), 1.2% of Germany ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1610 In Science
The year 1610 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * January 7 – Galileo Galilei first observes the four large Galilean moons of Jupiter: Ganymede, Callisto, Europa and Io, although he is unable to distinguish the latter two until the following night. In the same year he publishes his first observations by telescope in a short treatise entitled ''Sidereus Nuncius'' ("Sidereal Messenger"). * December – English scientist Thomas Harriot becomes one of the first to view sunspots through a telescope * The Orion Nebula is discovered by Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc. Medicine * Diphtheria epidemic in Naples, during which Marco Aurelio Severino performs successful tracheotomies. Technology * Jean Beguin publishes '' Tyrocinium Chymicum'', the first book of chemistry lectures. * Tinsel is invented by a German silversmith, who uses real silver for the metal strands. * Bagels are created in Krakow, Poland and given as gifts to women after ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pierre Bourdelot
Pierre Michon Bourdelot (2 February 1610 in Sens – 9 February 1685) was a French physician, anatomist, libertine and freethinker. Life Bourdelot studied at the Sorbonne (1629) and travelled in 1634 to Rome in the company of count François de Noailles. In 1638 he came back to France and was appointed as the private doctor of the Condé family. In 1640 he founded the Académie Bourdelot, a circle for scientists, philosophers and authors, that came together twice a month. When his uncle died, he inherited a lot of books and manuscripts. When Louis II de Bourbon, prince de Condé, because of actions during the Fronde against Absolutism, was captured by Mazarin, he took off; in 1652 he was in Stockholm. Bourdelot took many manuscripts with him as a present. He had a lot of influence on her with his jokes and poems by Pietro Aretino. Within four weeks she seems to have been recovered and enjoying life. Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie and Christina's mother Maria Eleonora of Brandenbu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1749 In Science
The year 1749 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * Pierre Bouguer publishes La figure de la terre' in Paris, describing some of the results of his work with Charles Marie de La Condamine on the French Geodesic Mission to Peru (begun in 1735) to measure a degree of the meridian arc near the equator. Biology * Georges-Louis Leclerc, ''afterwards'' Comte du Buffon, begins publication of his . Mathematics * April 12 – Euler produces the first proof of Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares, based on infinite descent. Institutions * April 12 – Official opening of the Radcliffe Library in Oxford, built under the will of the physician John Radcliffe (died 1714) (although it does not become a primarily science library until 1810). * Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin appointed Secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, a position he will hold until his death in 1783. Awards * Copley Medal: John Harrison Births * February 4 – ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Explorer
Exploration refers to the historical practice of discovering remote lands. It is studied by geographers and historians. Two major eras of exploration occurred in human history: one of convergence, and one of divergence. The first, covering most of ''Homo sapiens'' history, saw humans moving out of Africa, settling in new lands, and developing distinct cultures in relative isolation. Early explorers settled in Europe and Asia; 14,000 years ago, some crossed the Ice Age land bridge from Siberia to Alaska, and moved southbound to settle in the Americas. For the most part, these cultures were ignorant of each other's existence. The second period of exploration, occurring over the last 10,000 years, saw increased cross-cultural exchange through trade and exploration, and marked a new era of cultural intermingling, and more recently, convergence. Early writings about exploration date back to the 4th millennium B.C. in ancient Egypt. One of the earliest and most impactful thinkers of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Canadian
French Canadians (referred to as Canadiens mainly before the twentieth century; french: Canadiens français, ; feminine form: , ), or Franco-Canadians (french: Franco-Canadiens), refers to either an ethnic group who trace their ancestry to French colonists who settled in Canada beginning in the 17th century or to French-speaking or Francophone Canadians of any ethnic origin. During the 17th century, French settlers originating mainly from the west and north of France settled Canada. It is from them that the French Canadian ethnicity was born. During the 17th to 18th centuries, French Canadians expanded across North America and colonized various regions, cities, and towns. As a result people of French Canadian descent can be found across North America. Between 1840 and 1930, many French Canadians immigrated to New England, an event known as the Grande Hémorragie. Etymology French Canadians get their name from ''Canada'', the most developed and densely populated region of Ne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
