|
1661 In Science
The year 1661 in science and technology involved some significant events. Biology * Marcello Malpighi is the first to observe and correctly describe capillaries when he discovers them in a frog's lung. Chemistry * Robert Boyle's ''The Sceptical Chymist'' is published in London. Environment * John Evelyn's pamphlet ''Fumifugium'' is one of the earliest descriptions of air pollution. Publications * Abraham Cowley's pamphlet ''The Advancement of Experimental Philosophy''. * Johann Sperling's handbook ''Zoologia physica'' (posthumous). Births * May 3 – Antonio Vallisneri, Italian physician and natural scientist (died 1730) * December 18 – Christopher Polhem, Swedish scientist and inventor (died 1751) * Guillaume François Antoine, Marquis de l'Hôpital, French mathematician (died 1704) * ''approx. date'' – Alida Withoos, Dutch botanical artist (died 1730) Events * Isaac Newton is admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, as a sizar (June) Deaths * October – Gérard Desar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Science
Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence for scientific reasoning is tens of thousands of years old. The earliest written records in the history of science come from Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages, but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age and later by the efforts of Byzantine Greek scholars who brought Greek ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sweden
Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, Finland to the east, and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridgetunnel across the Öresund. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic country, the third-largest country in the European Union, and the fifth-largest country in Europe. The capital and largest city is Stockholm. Sweden has a total population of 10.5 million, and a low population density of , with around 87% of Swedes residing in urban areas in the central and southern half of the country. Sweden has a nature dominated by forests and a large amount of lakes, including some of the largest in Europe. Many long rivers run from the Scandes range through the landscape, primarily ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1661 In Science
The year 1661 in science and technology involved some significant events. Biology * Marcello Malpighi is the first to observe and correctly describe capillaries when he discovers them in a frog's lung. Chemistry * Robert Boyle's ''The Sceptical Chymist'' is published in London. Environment * John Evelyn's pamphlet ''Fumifugium'' is one of the earliest descriptions of air pollution. Publications * Abraham Cowley's pamphlet ''The Advancement of Experimental Philosophy''. * Johann Sperling's handbook ''Zoologia physica'' (posthumous). Births * May 3 – Antonio Vallisneri, Italian physician and natural scientist (died 1730) * December 18 – Christopher Polhem, Swedish scientist and inventor (died 1751) * Guillaume François Antoine, Marquis de l'Hôpital, French mathematician (died 1704) * ''approx. date'' – Alida Withoos, Dutch botanical artist (died 1730) Events * Isaac Newton is admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, as a sizar (June) Deaths * October – Gérard Desar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1591 In Science
The year 1591 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here. Mathematics * François Viète publishes ''In Artem Analyticien Isagoge'', introducing the new algebra with innovative use of letters as parameters in equations. * Giordano Bruno publishes and in Francfort. Technology * The Rialto Bridge in Venice, designed by Antonio da Ponte, is completed. Publications * Prospero Alpini publishes ''De Medicina Egyptiorum'' in Venice, including accounts of coffee, bananas and the baobab. * Publication of the first of the Conimbricenses commentaries on Aristotle by the Jesuits of the University of Coimbra, ''Commentarii Collegii Conimbricensis Societatis Jesu in octo libros physicorum Aristotelis Stagyritæ'', on Aristotle's ''Physics''. Births * February 21 – Gérard Desargues, French geometer (died 1661) Deaths * July 2 – Vincenzo Galilei, Italian scientist and musician (born 1520 __NOTOC__ Year 1520 ( MDXX) was a leap year starting on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geometer
A geometer is a mathematician whose area of study is geometry. Some notable geometers and their main fields of work, chronologically listed, are: 1000 BCE to 1 BCE * Baudhayana (fl. c. 800 BC) – Euclidean geometry, geometric algebra * Manava (c. 750 BC–690 BC) – Euclidean geometry * Thales of Miletus (c. 624 BC – c. 546 BC) – Euclidean geometry * Pythagoras (c. 570 BC – c. 495 BC) – Euclidean geometry, Pythagorean theorem * Zeno of Elea (c. 490 BC – c. 430 BC) – Euclidean geometry * Hippocrates of Chios (born c. 470 – 410 BC) – first systematically organized '' Stoicheia – Elements'' (geometry textbook) * Mozi (c. 468 BC – c. 391 BC) * Plato (427–347 BC) * Theaetetus (c. 417 BC – 369 BC) * Autolycus of Pitane (360–c. 290 BC) – astronomy, spherical geometry * Euclid (fl. 300 BC) – '' Elements'', Euclidean geometry (sometimes called the "father of geometry") * Apollonius of Perga (c. 262 BC – c. 190 BC) – Euclidean geometry, conic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gérard Desargues
Girard Desargues (; 21 February 1591 – September 1661) was a French mathematician and engineer, who is considered one of the founders of projective geometry. Desargues' theorem, the Desargues graph, and the crater Desargues on the Moon are named in his honour. Born in Lyon, Desargues came from a family devoted to service to the French crown. His father was a royal notary, an investigating commissioner of the Seneschal's court in Lyon (1574), the collector of the tithes on ecclesiastical revenues for the city of Lyon (1583) and for the diocese of Lyon. Girard Desargues worked as an architect from 1645. Prior to that, he had worked as a tutor and may have served as an engineer and technical consultant in the entourage of Richelieu. As an architect, Desargues planned several private and public buildings in Paris and Lyon. As an engineer, he designed a system for raising water that he installed near Paris. It was based on the use of the epicycloidal wheel, the principle of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author (described in his time as a "natural philosopher"), widely recognised as one of the greatest mathematicians and physicists and among the most influential scientists of all time. He was a key figure in the philosophical revolution known as the Enlightenment. His book (''Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy''), first published in 1687, established classical mechanics. Newton also made seminal contributions to optics, and shares credit with German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz for developing infinitesimal calculus. In the , Newton formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation that formed the dominant scientific viewpoint for centuries until it was superseded by the theory of relativity. Newton used his mathematical description of gravity to derive Kepler's laws of planetary motion, account for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Botanical Artist
Botanical illustration is the art of depicting the form, color, and details of plant species, frequently in watercolor paintings. They must be scientifically accurate but often also have an artistic component and may be printed with a botanical description in books, magazines, and other media or sold as a work of art. Often composed by a botanical illustrator in consultation with a scientific author, their creation requires an understanding of plant morphology and access to specimens and references. Typical illustrations are in watercolour, but may also be in oils, ink or pencil, or a combination of these. The image may be life size or not, the scale is often shown, and may show the habit and habitat of the plant, the upper and reverse sides of leaves, and details of flowers, bud, seed and root system. Botanical illustration is sometimes used as a type for attribution of a botanical name to a taxon. The inability of botanists to conserve certain dried specimens, or restrictio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dutch People
The Dutch (Dutch: ) are an ethnic group and nation native to the Netherlands. They share a common history and culture and speak the Dutch language. Dutch people and their descendants are found in migrant communities worldwide, notably in Aruba, Suriname, Guyana, Curaçao, Argentina, Brazil, Canada,Based on Statistics Canada, Canada 2001 Censusbr>Linkto Canadian statistics. Australia, South Africa, New Zealand and the United States.According tFactfinder.census.gov The Low Countries were situated around the border of France and the Holy Roman Empire, forming a part of their respective peripheries and the various territories of which they consisted had become virtually autonomous by the 13th century. Under the Habsburgs, the Netherlands were organised into a single administrative unit, and in the 16th and 17th centuries the Northern Netherlands gained independence from Spain as the Dutch Republic. The high degree of urbanization characteristic of Dutch society was attained at a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alida Withoos
Alida Withoos (c. 1661/62 – 5 December 1730 (buried)) was a Dutch botanical artist and painter. She was the daughter of the painter Matthias Withoos. Life Alida Withoos was born in Amersfoort. With three brothers Johannes, Pieter, Frans, and her sister Maria, she was trained by her father in painting still lifes and botanical illustrations. Because of the invasion of Utrecht by the French, the family moved to Hoorn in 1672. In 1701, Alida married the Fijnschilder Andries Cornelisz van Dalen, a typical example of relations between artistic and painterly families in seventeenth and eighteenth century Holland. A training in painting was expensive and not often given to daughters, but talented daughters could be trained to work in the studio of their father, uncle, brother or spouse, often under his name. Unlike her husband, brothers and sister, Alida acquired a certain reputation painting under her own name, principally due to her botanical images. In Hoorn a number of the Wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1704 In Science
The year 1704 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * ''approx. date'' – The first modern orrery is built by George Graham and Thomas Tompion. Earth sciences * An earthquake strikes Gondar in Ethiopia. Meteorology * Daniel Defoe documents the Great Storm of 1703 with eyewitness testimonies in '' The Storm'' (London). Physics * Isaac Newton releases a record of experiments and the deductions made from them in ''Opticks'', a major contribution in study of optics and refraction of light. * Pierre Varignon invents the U-tube manometer, a device capable of measuring rarefaction in gases. Technology * The second electric machine is invented by British engineer Francis Hauksbee the elder ( 1660–1713): it is a sphere of glass rotated by a wheel. * For watch movements, Peter Debaufre invents the Debaufre escapement, the first frictional rest watch escapement produced: the escapement consists of two saw-tooth escape wheels of the same count. * Fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematician
A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems. Mathematicians are concerned with numbers, data, quantity, structure, space, models, and change. History One of the earliest known mathematicians were Thales of Miletus (c. 624–c.546 BC); he has been hailed as the first true mathematician and the first known individual to whom a mathematical discovery has been attributed. He is credited with the first use of deductive reasoning applied to geometry, by deriving four corollaries to Thales' Theorem. The number of known mathematicians grew when Pythagoras of Samos (c. 582–c. 507 BC) established the Pythagorean School, whose doctrine it was that mathematics ruled the universe and whose motto was "All is number". It was the Pythagoreans who coined the term "mathematics", and with whom the study of mathematics for its own sake begins. The first woman mathematician recorded by history was Hypati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
