|
1649 In Science
The year 1649 in science and technology involved some significant events. Biology * Publication of John Jonston's ''Historiae naturalis'' in Frankfurt begins with ''De piscibus et cetis''. Technology * Johann Schröder (physician), Johann Schröder publishes two methods for the production of elemental Arsenic. Mathematics * Frans van Schooten publishes the first Latin version of René Descartes' ''La Géométrie''. His commentary makes the work understandable to the broader mathematical community. The Latin version also includes Florimond de Beaune's ''Notes brièves'', the first important introduction to Descartes' cartesian geometry.Serfati, M. (2005). René Descartes, ''Géométrie'', Latin Edition (1649), French Edition (1637). In Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics 1640-1940' (p. 1). Elsevier. Events * The semi-formal Oxford Philosophical Club of natural philosophers begins to meet; it is a predecessor of the Royal Society of London. Births * March 3 – John Floyer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Science
Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence for scientific reasoning is tens of thousands of years old. The earliest written records in the history of science come from Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages, but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age and later by the efforts of Byzantine Greek scholars who brought Greek ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxford Philosophical Club
The Oxford Philosophical Club refers to a group of natural philosophers, mathematicians, physicians, virtuosi and dilettanti gathering around John Wilkins FRS (1614–1672) at Oxford in the period 1649 to 1660. It is documented in particular by John Aubrey: he refers to it as an "experimental philosophical club" run weekly by Wilkins, who successfully bridged the political divide of the times. There is surviving evidence that the Club was formally constituted, and undertook some projects in Oxford libraries. Its historical importance is that members formed one of the major groups that came together in the early 1660s to form the Royal Society of London. Wilkins was Warden of Wadham College, and the circle around him is also known as the Wadham Group, though it was not restricted to members of the College. It included William Petty, Jonathan Goddard and John Wallis from the 1645 group in London. The term Oxford Philosophical Society may refer to this club, or at least two later s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1649 In Science
The year 1649 in science and technology involved some significant events. Biology * Publication of John Jonston's ''Historiae naturalis'' in Frankfurt begins with ''De piscibus et cetis''. Technology * Johann Schröder (physician), Johann Schröder publishes two methods for the production of elemental Arsenic. Mathematics * Frans van Schooten publishes the first Latin version of René Descartes' ''La Géométrie''. His commentary makes the work understandable to the broader mathematical community. The Latin version also includes Florimond de Beaune's ''Notes brièves'', the first important introduction to Descartes' cartesian geometry.Serfati, M. (2005). René Descartes, ''Géométrie'', Latin Edition (1649), French Edition (1637). In Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics 1640-1940' (p. 1). Elsevier. Events * The semi-formal Oxford Philosophical Club of natural philosophers begins to meet; it is a predecessor of the Royal Society of London. Births * March 3 – John Floyer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1574 In Science
The year 1574 in science and technology involved some significant events. Archaeology * In Rome (Italy), in the river Tiber between the two bridges, the monument base is discovered for a statue of Simon Paeter (or Simon the Sorcerer, the "Magus of Samaria"), with inscription ''"Simoni Deo Sancto"'' (translation: "To Simon the Holy God"). Exploration * November 22 – Juan Fernández, a Portuguese navigator, discovers, along the coast of Chile, the Juan Fernández Islands, where later shipwreck survivor Alexander Selkirk (the real figure behind Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe") will live for four years. The Juan Fernández fur seal is discovered and named. * English seaman William Bourne produces a popular expanded version of Martín Cortés de Albacar's navigation manual ''Arte de Navegar'' entitled ''A Regiment for the Sea''. Mineralogy * The Charcas Mineral District in the state of San Luis Potosí ( New Spain, later Mexico) is discovered for the mining of lead, zinc, copper, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robert Dudley (explorer)
Sir Robert Dudley (7 August 1574 – 6 September 1649) was an English explorer and cartographer. In 1594, he led an expedition to the West Indies, of which he wrote an account. The illegitimate son of Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, he inherited the bulk of the Earl's estate in accordance with his father's will, including Kenilworth Castle. In 1603–1605, he tried unsuccessfully to establish his legitimacy in court. After that he left England forever, finding a new existence in the service of the grand dukes of Tuscany. There, he worked as an engineer and shipbuilder, and designed and published ''Dell'Arcano del Mare'' (1645-1646), the first maritime atlas to cover the whole world. He was also a skilled navigator and mathematician. In Italy, he styled himself "Earl of Warwick and Leicester", as well as "Duke of Northumberland", a title recognized by Emperor Ferdinand II. Early life Robert Dudley was the son of Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester and his lover Douglas Sh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1734 In Science
The year 1734 in science and technology involved some significant events. Mathematics * George Berkeley publishes ''The Analyst'', an empiricist critique of the foundations of infinitesimal calculus, influential in the development of mathematics. * Leonhard Euler introduces the integrating factor technique for solving first-order ordinary differential equations. Technology * James Short (mathematician), James Short constructs a Gregorian telescope, Gregorian reflecting telescope with an aperture of . Zoology * René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur begins publication of ''Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire des insectes'' in Amsterdam. Awards * Copley Medal: John Theophilus Desaguliers Births * January 23 – Wolfgang von Kempelen, Hungarians, Hungarian inventor (died 1804 in science, 1804) * April 18 – Elsa Beata Bunge, Swedes, Swedish botanist (died 1819 in science, 1819) * May 23 – Franz Mesmer, German people, German physician (died 1815 in science, 1815) * September 3 – ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Physician
A physician (American English), medical practitioner (Commonwealth English), medical doctor, or simply doctor, is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through the study, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments. Physicians may focus their practice on certain disease categories, types of patients, and methods of treatment—known as specialities—or they may assume responsibility for the provision of continuing and comprehensive medical care to individuals, families, and communities—known as general practice. Medical practice properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the academic disciplines, such as anatomy and physiology, underlying diseases and their treatment—the ''science'' of medicine—and also a decent competence in its applied practice—the art or ''craft'' of medicine. Both the role of the physician and the meaning ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Floyer (physician)
Sir John Floyer (3 March 1649 – 1 February 1734) was an English physician and author. Early life John Floyer was born on 3 March 1649. He was the third child and second son of Elizabeth Babington and Richard Floyer, of Hints Hall, a since demolished country house. Hints is a quiet village lying a short distance from Lichfield in Staffordshire. He was educated at the University of Oxford. Career He practised in Lichfield, and it was by his advice that Dr Johnson, when a child, was taken by his mother to be touched by Queen Anne for the king's evil on 30 March 1714. As a physician, Floyer was best known for introducing the practice of pulse rate measurement, and creating a special watch for this purpose. He was an advocate of cold bathing, and gave an early account of the pathological changes in the lungs associated with emphysema. Personal life Floyer was married to Mary Fleetwood of Lichfield, a widow, in April 1680. Their son John Floyer (1681–1762) was a Tory Member of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Royal Society
The Royal Society, formally The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, is a learned society and the United Kingdom's national academy of sciences. The society fulfils a number of roles: promoting science and its benefits, recognising excellence in science, supporting outstanding science, providing scientific advice for policy, education and public engagement and fostering international and global co-operation. Founded on 28 November 1660, it was granted a royal charter by King Charles II as The Royal Society and is the oldest continuously existing scientific academy in the world. The society is governed by its Council, which is chaired by the Society's President, according to a set of statutes and standing orders. The members of Council and the President are elected from and by its Fellows, the basic members of the society, who are themselves elected by existing Fellows. , there are about 1,700 fellows, allowed to use the postnominal title FRS (Fellow of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cartesian Geometry
In classical mathematics, analytic geometry, also known as coordinate geometry or Cartesian geometry, is the study of geometry using a coordinate system. This contrasts with synthetic geometry. Analytic geometry is used in physics and engineering, and also in aviation, rocketry, space science, and spaceflight. It is the foundation of most modern fields of geometry, including algebraic, differential, discrete and computational geometry. Usually the Cartesian coordinate system is applied to manipulate equations for planes, straight lines, and circles, often in two and sometimes three dimensions. Geometrically, one studies the Euclidean plane (two dimensions) and Euclidean space. As taught in school books, analytic geometry can be explained more simply: it is concerned with defining and representing geometric shapes in a numerical way and extracting numerical information from shapes' numerical definitions and representations. That the algebra of the real numbers can be employe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Technology
Technology is the application of knowledge to reach practical goals in a specifiable and reproducible way. The word ''technology'' may also mean the product of such an endeavor. The use of technology is widely prevalent in medicine, science, industry, communication, transportation, and daily life. Technologies include physical objects like utensils or machines and intangible tools such as software. Many technological advancements have led to societal changes. The earliest known technology is the stone tool, used in the prehistoric era, followed by fire use, which contributed to the growth of the human brain and the development of language in the Ice Age. The invention of the wheel in the Bronze Age enabled wider travel and the creation of more complex machines. Recent technological developments, including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet have lowered communication barriers and ushered in the knowledge economy. While technology contributes to econom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Florimond De Beaune
Florimond de Beaune (7 October 1601, Blois – 18 August 1652, Blois) was a French jurist and mathematician, and an early follower of René Descartes.. The material on de Beaune is op. 187 R. Taton calls him "a typical example of the erudite amateurs" active in 17th-century science. In a 1638 letter to Descartes, de Beaune posed the problem of solving the differential equation :\frac=\frac now seen as the first example of the inverse tangent method of deducing properties of a curve from its tangents. His ''Tractatus de limitibus aequationum'' was reprinted in England in 1807; in it, he finds upper and lower bounds for the solutions to quadratic equations and cubic equations, as simple functions of the coefficients of these equations. His ''Doctrine de l'angle solide'' and ''Inventaire de sa bibliothèque'' were also reprinted, in Paris in 1975.. Another of his writings was ''Notae breves'', the introduction to a 1649 edition of Descartes' ''La Géométrie ''La ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
