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1988 Iranian Legislative Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Iran on 8 April 1988, with a second round on 13 May. The result was a victory for leftist politicians who later emerged as reformists. The number of clerics elected to the Majlis was reduced by over a third. Background In this election, the rival groups competed in various religious categories. Under these circumstances, religious groups that had previously gathered around the "Islamic" Republic and the militant clerical community were divided by different attitudes due to differences in different tastes. Combatant Clergy Association ( fa, جامعۀ روحانیت مبارز), Association of Combatant Clerics ( fa, مجمع روحانیون مبارز), and the "Coalition of the Oppressed and Deprived" were the three most important and active organizations in the elections. Due to the election propaganda atmosphere and the tendency of the people to the left wing (Association of Combatant Clerics, fa, مجمع روحانیون مبارز) a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1984 Iranian Legislative Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Iran on 15 April 1984, with a second round on 17 May. The majority of seats were won by independents, whilst the Islamic Republican Party was the only party to win seats. Voter turnout was 65.1% in the first round. The Freedom Movement of Iran declared that it would boycott the elections after its headquarters was attacked and the authorities refused to permit the party to hold two seminars. Background The election was held under conditions of severe sanctions on politic and economical sector as well as war with Iraq's Baathist government ( Iran-Iraq War). This election was also first time since 1979 revolution which only one political party were allowed to participated (as other political parties were banned & even dissolved before this election). Conduct The election was held under conditions of war with Iraq's Baathist government ( Iran-Iraq War), caused many cities in border with Iraq were severely destroyed (or could not hold direct electi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zeynab Society
The "Zeynab Society ( S.A.A)" ( fa, جامعه زینب (س)) is an Iranian traditional principlist all-female political, cultural and advocacy group affiliated with the Front of Followers of the Line of the Imam and the Leader. It is known for leading a parliamentary group of women in 1980s–1990s, as well as lobbying for gender issues within an Islamic prism. The society was founded in 1986 by the parliament member Maryam Behrouzi, using state budgets acquired with the personal approval of Ayatollah Khomeini. Platform The society advocates promotion of cultural, political, social and ideological activities for women, favors obligatory ''hijab'' and opposes male–female fraternization. Moreover, it is against the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and supports polygyny and sex segregation. The group's name refers to Zaynab bint Ali, an emblematic woman in Shiite Islamist ideology, renowned for her oratory during and in the af ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constitution Of The Islamic Republic Of Iran
The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran ( fa, قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران, ''Qanun-e Asasi-ye Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Iran'') was December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum, adopted by referendum on 2 and 3 December 1979, and went into force replacing the Constitution of 1906. It has been 1989 Iranian constitutional referendum, amended once, on 28 July 1989. The constitution has been called a "Hybrid regime, hybrid" of "theocratic and democratic elements". Articles One and Two vest sovereignty in God; but article Six "mandates popular elections for the presidency and the Majlis, or parliament." However, main democratic procedures and rights are subordinate to the Guardian Council and the Supreme Leader of Iran, Supreme Leader, whose powers are spelled out in Chapter Eight (Articles 107–112). History It is said that an early draft was written in Paris by Ruhollah Khomeini during his exile there before the overthrow of the Pahlavi d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Freedom Movement Of Iran
The Freedom Movement of Iran (FMI) or Liberation Movement of Iran (LMI; fa, نهضت آزادی ايران, Nahżat-e āzādi-e Irān) is an Iranian pro-democracy political organization founded in 1961, by members describing themselves as "Muslims, Iranians, Constitutionalists and Mossadeghists". It is the oldest party still active in Iran and has been described as a "semi-opposition" or "loyal opposition" party. It has also been described as a "religious nationalist party". The organization was split to the National Front (II), its establishment was supported by Mohammad Mossadegh. It then applied for the membership in the front with a platform advocating national sovereignty, freedom of political activity and expression, social justice under Islam, respect for Iran's constitution, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the Charter of the United Nations. It believes in the separation of religion and state, while that political activity should be guided by religious valu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mojahedin Of The Islamic Revolution Organization
Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization ( fa, سازمان مجاهدین انقلاب اسلامی, Sāzmān-e Mojāhedin-e Enqelāb-e Eslāmi, lit=Holy Warriors of the Islamic Revolution) was an umbrella political organization in Iran, founded in 1979 by unification of seven underground Islamist revolutionary paramilitary and civil organizations which previously fought against the Pahlavi monarchy. The organization was firmly allied with the ruling Islamic Republican Party and was given a share of power and three of its members were appointed as government ministers under PM Mir-Hossein Mousavi: Behzad Nabavi (minister without portfolio for executive affairs), Mohammad Salamati (agriculture) and Mohammad Shahab Gonabadi (housing and urban development). History Most members were among those formerly associated with the People's Mujahedin of Iran but left the organization after it declared ideology switch to Marxism. The groups were: *"United Ummah" ( fa, امت وا ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Islamic Republican Party
The Islamic Republican Party (IRP; fa, حزب جمهوری اسلامی, Ḥezb-e Jomhūrī-e Eslāmī, also translated Islamic Republic Party) formed in 1979 to assist the Iranian Revolution and Ayatollah Khomeini establish theocracy in Iran. It was disbanded in 1987 due to internal conflicts. Founders and characteristics The party was formed just two weeks following the revolution upon the request of Ayatollah Khomeini. Five cofounders of the party were Mohammad Javad Bahonar, Mohammad Beheshti, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, Ali Khamenei, and Abdolkarim Mousavi-Ardabili. Early members of the central committee of the party, in addition to founding members, were Hassan Ayat, Asadollah Badamchiyan, Abdullah Jasbi, Mir Hossein Mousavi, Habibollah Askar Oladi, Sayyed Mahmoud Kashani, Mahdi Araghi and Ali Derakhshan. The party had three general secretaries: Beheshti, Bahonar and Khamenei. The party has been said to be distinguished by "its strong clerical component, its loyal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Majlis Of Iran
The Islamic Consultative Assembly ( fa, مجلس شورای اسلامی, Majles-e Showrā-ye Eslāmī), also called the Iranian Parliament, the Iranian Majles (Arabicised spelling Majlis) or ICA, is the national legislative body of Iran. The Parliament currently consists of 290 representatives, an increase from the previous 272 seats since the 18 February 2000 election. The most recent election took place on 21 February 2020 and the new parliament convened on 28 May 2020. History Islamic Republic of Iran After the Iranian Revolution of 1979, the Senate of Iran was abolished and was effectively replaced by the Guardian Council thus the Iranian legislature remained bicameral. In the 1989 revision of the constitution, the ''National Consultative Assembly'' became the ''Islamic Consultative Assembly''. The Parliament of Iran has had six chairmen since the Iranian Revolution. Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani was the first chairman, from 1980 to 1989. Then came Mehdi Karroubi (1989–1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dieter Nohlen
Dieter Nohlen (born 6 November 1939) is a German academic and political scientist. He currently holds the position of Emeritus Professor of Political Science in the Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences of the University of Heidelberg. An expert on electoral system An electoral system or voting system is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined. Electoral systems are used in politics to elect governments, while non-political elections ma ...s and political development, he has published several books. IDEA Bibliography Books published by Nohlen include: *''Electoral systems of the world'' (in German, 1978) *''Lexicon of politics'' (seven volumes) *''Elections and Electoral Systems'' (1996) *''Electi ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmenistan to the north, by Afghanistan and Pakistan to the east, and by the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. It covers an area of , making it the 17th-largest country. Iran has a population of 86 million, making it the 17th-most populous country in the world, and the second-largest in the Middle East. Its largest cities, in descending order, are the capital Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj, Shiraz, and Tabriz. The country is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BC. It was first unified by the Medes, an ancient Iranian people, in the seventh century BC, and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BC, when Cyrus the Great fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Consultative Assembly Of Iran Following The 1988 Election
National may refer to: Common uses * Nation or country ** Nationality – a ''national'' is a person who is subject to a nation, regardless of whether the person has full rights as a citizen Places in the United States * National, Maryland, census-designated place * National, Nevada, ghost town * National, Utah, ghost town * National, West Virginia, unincorporated community Commerce * National (brand), a brand name of electronic goods from Panasonic * National Benzole (or simply known as National), former petrol station chain in the UK, merged with BP * National Car Rental, an American rental car company * National Energy Systems, a former name of Eco Marine Power * National Entertainment Commission, a former name of the Media Rating Council * National Motor Vehicle Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA 1900-1924 * National Supermarkets, a defunct American grocery store chain * National String Instrument Corporation, a guitar company formed to manufacture the first resonator ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Independent Politician
An independent or non-partisan politician is a politician not affiliated with any political party or bureaucratic association. There are numerous reasons why someone may stand for office as an independent. Some politicians have political views that do not align with the platforms of any political party, and therefore choose not to affiliate with them. Some independent politicians may be associated with a party, perhaps as former members of it, or else have views that align with it, but choose not to stand in its name, or are unable to do so because the party in question has selected another candidate. Others may belong to or support a political party at the national level but believe they should not formally represent it (and thus be subject to its policies) at another level. In running for public office, independents sometimes choose to form a party or alliance with other independents, and may formally register their party or alliance. Even where the word "independent" is used, s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
