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1973 Australian Referendum (Incomes)
The Constitution Alteration (Incomes) 1973 was a referendum proposed by the Australian Labor Party in December 1973 which sought to alter section 51 of the Australian Constitution to give the Commonwealth legislative power over incomes. The Whitlam government's most prominent reason for posing this amendment was the issue of inflation, as they argued that with government power over incomes, inflation would be better managed. The proposal did not pass due to a majority "no" vote from all states. This referendum was extremely unpopular and had the lowest percentage of public support when compared to any other referendum held in Australia. Question The question presented on the ballot paper: ''Do you approve the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled "An Act to alter the Constitution so as to enable the Australian Parliament to make laws with respect to incomes"?'' Background Economic context Inflation escalated rapidly from the early 1970s to 1980s. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Referendum
A referendum (plural: referendums or less commonly referenda) is a direct vote by the electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue. This is in contrast to an issue being voted on by a representative. This may result in the adoption of a new policy or specific law, or the referendum may be only advisory. In some countries, it is synonymous with or commonly known by other names including plebiscite, votation, popular consultation, ballot question, ballot measure, or proposition. Some definitions of 'plebiscite' suggest it is a type of vote to change the constitution or government of a country. The word, 'referendum' is often a catchall, used for both legislative referrals and initiatives. Etymology 'Referendum' is the gerundive form of the Latin verb , literally "to carry back" (from the verb , "to bear, bring, carry" plus the inseparable prefix , here meaning "back"Marchant & Charles, Cassell's Latin Dictionary, 1928, p. 469.). As a gerundive is an adjective,A gerundiv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Watergate Scandal
The Watergate scandal was a major political scandal in the United States involving the administration of President Richard Nixon from 1972 to 1974 that led to Nixon's resignation. The scandal stemmed from the Nixon administration's continual attempts to cover up its involvement in the June 17, 1972, break-in of the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Washington, D.C., Watergate Office Building. After the five perpetrators were arrested, the press and the Justice Department connected the cash found on them at the time to the Committee for the Re-Election of the President. Further investigations, along with revelations during subsequent trials of the burglars, led the House of Representatives to grant the U.S. House Judiciary Committee additional investigative authority—to probe into "certain matters within its jurisdiction", and led the Senate to create the U.S. Senate Watergate Committee, which held hearings. Witnesses testified that Nixon had approved plans t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Price/wage Spiral
In macroeconomics, a wage-price spiral (also called a wage/price spiral or price/wage spiral) is a proposed explanation for inflation, in which wage increases cause price increases which in turn cause wage increases, in a positive feedback loop. Greg Mankiw writes, "At some point, this spiral of ever-rising wages and prices will slow... In the long run, the economy returns to he pointwhere the aggregate-demand curve crosses the long-run aggregate-supply curve." History An early use of the concept was in 1868. The term "wage-price spiral" appeared in a 1937 ''New York Times'' article about a steel-workers' strike. In the 1970s, US President Richard Nixon attempted to break what he saw as a "spiral" of prices and costs, by imposing a price freeze, with little effect. Some sources distinguish between wage-price spirals and price-wage spirals. According to Daniel J.B. Mitchell and Christopher L. Erickson, the concept fell out of favor with the decline of unions and collective bargain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stephen J
Stephen or Steven is a common English first name. It is particularly significant to Christians, as it belonged to Saint Stephen ( grc-gre, Στέφανος ), an early disciple and deacon who, according to the Book of Acts, was stoned to death; he is widely regarded as the first martyr (or "protomartyr") of the Christian Church. In English, Stephen is most commonly pronounced as ' (). The name, in both the forms Stephen and Steven, is often shortened to Steve or Stevie. The spelling as Stephen can also be pronounced which is from the Greek original version, Stephanos. In English, the female version of the name is Stephanie. Many surnames are derived from the first name, including Stephens, Stevens, Stephenson, and Stevenson, all of which mean "Stephen's (son)". In modern times the name has sometimes been given with intentionally non-standard spelling, such as Stevan or Stevon. A common variant of the name used in English is Stephan ; related names that have found some c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Doug Anthony
John Douglas Anthony, (31 December 192920 December 2020) was an Australian politician. He served as leader of the National Party of Australia from 1971 to 1984 and was the second and longest-serving Deputy Prime Minister, holding the position under John Gorton (1971), William McMahon (1971–1972) and Malcolm Fraser (1975–1983). Anthony was born in Murwillumbah, New South Wales, the son of federal government minister Hubert Lawrence Anthony. He was elected to the House of Representatives at a 1957 by-election, aged 27, following his father's sudden death. He was appointed to the ministry in 1964 and in Coalition governments over the following 20 years held the portfolios of Minister for the Interior (1964–1967), Primary Industry (1967–1971), Trade and Industry (1971–1972), Overseas Trade (1975–1977), National Resources (1975–1977), and Trade and Resources (1977–1983). Anthony was elected deputy leader of the Country Party in 1964 and succeeded John McEwen as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Party Of Australia
The National Party of Australia, also known as The Nationals or The Nats, is an List of political parties in Australia, Australian political party. Traditionally representing graziers, farmers, and regional voters generally, it began as the Australian Country Party in 1920 at a Government of Australia, federal level. In 1975 it adopted the name National Country Party, before taking its current name in 1982. A Conservatism in Australia, conservative and Agrarianism, agrarian party, the Nationals combine social conservatism with agrarian socialist economic policies. Ensuring support for farmers, either through government grants and subsidies or through community appeals, is a major focus of National Party policy. The process for obtaining these funds has come into question in recent years, such as during the Sports rorts affair (2020), Sports Rorts Affair. According to Ian McAllister (political scientist), Ian McAllister, the Nationals are the only remaining party from the "wav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bob Hawke
Robert James Lee Hawke (9 December 1929 – 16 May 2019) was an Australian politician and union organiser who served as the 23rd prime minister of Australia from 1983 to 1991, holding office as the leader of the Australian Labor Party (ALP). Previously he served as the president of the Australian Council of Trade Unions from 1969 to 1980 and president of the Labor Party national executive from 1973 to 1980. Hawke was born in Border Town, South Australia. He attended the University of Western Australia and went on to study at University College, Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar, during which time he set a world record for downing a yard of ale in 11 seconds. In 1956, Hawke joined the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) as a research officer. Having risen to become responsible for national wage case arbitration, he was elected as president of the ACTU in 1969, where he achieved a high public profile. In 1973, he was appointed as president of the Labor Party. In 1980 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Australian Council Of Trade Unions
The Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU), originally the Australasian Council of Trade Unions, is the largest peak body representing workers in Australia. It is a national trade union centre of 46 affiliated unions and eight trades and labour councils. The ACTU is a member of the International Trade Union Confederation. The President of the ACTU is Michele O'Neil, who was elected on 28 July 2018. The current Secretary is Sally McManus. Objectives The objectives of the ACTU, found in its constitution, are: * the socialisation of industry, * the organisation of wage and salary earners in the Australian workforce (within the trade union movement), * the utilisation of Australian resources to maintain full employment, establish equitable living standards which increase in line with output, and create opportunities for the development of talent. Organisation The ACTU holds a biennial congress that is attended by approximately 800 delegates from affiliated organisations. Betwe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hawke Bob BANNER
__NOTOC__ Hawke may refer to: * Hawke (surname) In fiction * ''Hawke'' (film), a 2010 Australian television film about Bob Hawke * ''Hawke'' (novel), a 2003 novel by Ted Bell * Hawke (''Advance Wars''), a fictional commander first introduced in ''Advance Wars 2: Black Hole Rising'' * Hawke (''Dragon Age''), a prominent character from the ''Dragon Age'' video game series * Hawke, a fictional character in the video game ''Romancing SaGa'' * Cannon Hawke, comic book character * Connor Hawke, comic book character * ''Jeff Hawke'', a science fiction comic strip * Elizabeth Hawke, protagonist/antagonist in the Australian series ''Wicked Science'' Places * Hawke Bay, a bay on the North Island of New Zealand * Hawke's Bay, the area surrounding Hawke Bay, New Zealand * Hawke's Bay (Karachi), a beach and neighborhood in Karachi, Pakistan * Hawke's Bay Province, a historical province of New Zealand * Hawke (New Zealand electorate), a historical parliamentary electorate of New Zealand * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Federalism
Federalism is a combined or compound mode of government that combines a general government (the central or "federal" government) with regional governments (Province, provincial, State (sub-national), state, Canton (administrative division), cantonal, territorial, or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system, dividing the powers between the two. Federalism in the modern era was first adopted in the unions of states during the Old Swiss Confederacy. Federalism differs from Confederation, confederalism, in which the general level of government is subordinate to the regional level, and from devolution within a unitary state, in which the regional level of government is subordinate to the general level. It represents the central form in the pathway of regional integration or separation, bounded on the less integrated side by confederalism and on the more integrated side by devolution within a unitary state. Examples of a federation or federal province or state include ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Incomes Policy
Incomes policies in economics are economy-wide wage and price controls, most commonly instituted as a response to inflation, and usually seeking to establish wages and prices below free market level. Incomes policies have often been resorted to during wartime. During the French Revolution, "The Law of the Maximum" imposed price controls (by penalty of death) in an unsuccessful attempt to curb inflation, and such measures were also attempted after World War II. Peacetime income policies were resorted to in the U.S. in August 1971 as a response to inflation. The wage and price controls were effective initially but were made less restrictive in January 1973, and later removed when they seemed to be having no effect on curbing inflation. Incomes policies were successful in the United Kingdom during World War II but less successful in the post-war era. Theory Incomes policies vary from "voluntary" wage and price guidelines to mandatory controls like price/wage freezes. One var ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gough Whitlam 1973
Gough ( ) is a surname. The surname probably derives from the Welsh (English: "red"), given as a nickname to someone with red hair or a red complexion or as a reduced form of the Irish McGough which itself is an Anglicized form of Gaelic , a patronymic from the personal name (variant ), "horseman", both derivatives of Irish "horse". Notable people with the surname include: * Alfred Gough, American screenwriter and producer, co-creator of ''Smallville'' * Antony Gough, New Zealand businessman and property developer *Austin Gough, American football player *Bobby Gough (born 1949), English footballer *Charles Gough (other), a number of people * Charles Frederick Howard Gough (1901–1977), British Territorial Army officer, company director and politician *Charles John Stanley Gough, British soldier and recipient of the Victoria Cross * Darren Gough (born 1970), English cricketer and ballroom dancer *Denise Gough (born 1980), Irish actress * Doris Gough Boyd (1888–1960) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
