|
1931 Salvadoran Coup D'état
The 1931 Salvadoran coup d'état occurred on 2 December 1931. The coup overthrew President Arturo Araujo and led to the establishment of the Civic Directory. The coup began 48 years of military rule in El Salvador which lasted until the 1979 Salvadoran coup d'état. Coup and Directory The Salvadoran Armed Forces toppled the government of the democratically elected President, Arturo Araujo, the candidate of the Labor Party. During his administration, El Salvador faced political tension and public unrest. Tax reforms also failed to succeed due to resistance from the wealthy class. The final straw for the coup was an attempt to reduce the military budget which was met by heavy resistance by military officers. With the government being unable to pay wages to military officers, the army staged the coup to remove Arturo Araujo’s administration at 10 p.m. on 2 December 1931. The military officers established the Civic Directory as a provisional government whose members were: ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Civic Directory
The Civic Directory ( es, Directorio Cívico) was a military junta which governed El Salvador from 2 to 4 December 1931. The junta was composed of twelve members of the Armed Forces of El Salvador from the Salvadoran Army, army, Salvadoran Air Force, air force, and National Guard (El Salvador), National Guard. The directory marked the beginning of the era of Military dictatorship in El Salvador, military dictatorships in El Salvador which lasted until October 1979 with the 1979 Salvadoran coup d'état and the establishment of the Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador, Revolutionary Government Junta, a joint civilian-military government which ruled until 1982. Background 1931 general election In early-January 1931, El Salvador held its first fair and free 1931 Salvadoran general election, democratic election in its history. Of the six candidates, the Armed Forces of El Salvador, military supported the candidacy of Doctor Alberto Gómez Zárate, who served as the Mi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Labor Party (El Salvador)
The Labor Party () was a Salvadoran political party that existed from 1930 to 1931. The party was founded by Arturo Araujo in 1930. The party joined a coalition with Maximiliano Hernández Martínez's National Republican Party during the 1931 general election.Nohlen, D (2005) ''Elections in the Americas: A data handbook Vol. 1'' Oxford University Press, p287 The coalition failed to win a majority but Araujo was elected president by the Legislative Assembly. The party dissolved following the 1931 Salvadoran coup d'état when all political parties were banned.Grieb, Kenneth J (1971) "The United States and the rise of General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez" ''Journal of Latin American Studies'' 3, 2 p152 Electoral history Presidential elections Legislative Assembly elections See also *1931 Salvadoran general election *National Republican Party (El Salvador) The National Republican Party () was a Salvadoran political party that existed from 1930 to 1931. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1930s Coups D'état And Coup Attempts
Year 193 ( CXCIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Sosius and Ericius (or, less frequently, year 946 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 193 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire * January 1 – Year of the Five Emperors: The Roman Senate chooses Publius Helvius Pertinax, against his will, to succeed the late Commodus as Emperor. Pertinax is forced to reorganize the handling of finances, which were wrecked under Commodus, to reestablish discipline in the Roman army, and to suspend the food programs established by Trajan, provoking the ire of the Praetorian Guard. * March 28 – Pertinax is assassinated by members of the Praetorian Guard, who storm the imperial palace. The Empire is auctioned of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
La Matanza
''La Matanza'' (Spanish for "The Massacre") refers to a communist-indigenous rebellion in El Salvador that took place between 22 and 25 January 1932. It was succeeded by large-scale government killings in western El Salvador, which resulted in the deaths of 10,000 to 40,000 people. On 22 January 1932, members of the Communist Party of El Salvador (PCES) and Pipil peasants launched a rebellion against the Salvadoran military government due to widespread social unrest and the suppression of democratic political freedoms, especially after the cancellation of the results of the 1932 legislative election. During the rebellion, the communist and indigenous rebels, led by Farabundo Martí and Feliciano Ama, respectively, captured several towns and cities across western El Salvador, killing an estimated 2,000 people and inflicting over USD$100,000 in property damage in the process. The Salvadoran government, led by General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, who assumed power follow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1923 Central American Treaty Of Peace And Amity
The 1923 Central American Treaty of Peace and Amity, officially known as the General Treaty of Peace and Amity, 1923, was a treaty signed by the five nations of Central America in 1923 which established that all nations would denounce and not recognize any government which arose in any of the five signatory nations through illegal means (ie: coup d'état, revolution). The treaty remained effective from its signing on 7 February 1923 until it was denounced by the Central American Court of Justice in 1934. History A similar treaty was signed and ratified in the 1907 Central American Treaty of Peace and Amity but the treaty fell apart in 1917 when Nicaragua denounced the treaty. The five nations of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua agreed to draft a new treaty with a similar function and were invited by United States President Warren G. Harding on 4 December 1922 to draft and sign the treaty in Washington D.C. The treaty outlined that no signatory nati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territories, nine Minor Outlying Islands, and 326 Indian reservations. The United States is also in free association with three Pacific Island sovereign states: the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and the Republic of Palau. It is the world's third-largest country by both land and total area. It shares land borders with Canada to its north and with Mexico to its south and has maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, and other nations. With a population of over 333 million, it is the most populous country in the Americas and the third most populous in the world. The national capital of the United States is Washington, D.C. and its most populous city and principal financial center is New York City. Paleo-Americ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Farabundo Martí
Agustín Farabundo Martí Rodríguez (; 5 May 1893 – 1 February 1932) was a Marxist-Leninist activist and a revolutionary leader in El Salvador during ''La Matanza''. Early life Martí was born in Teotepeque, a farming community located in Departamento de La Libertad, El Salvador. After graduating from Saint Cecilia's Salesian Secondary School Santa Tecla, he entered the University of El Salvador ( San Salvador). Early on, he condemned the exploitation of the country's poor was for the profit of the rich. He became known as a Salvadoran revolutionary and, for many, a martyr. Revolutionary activity Categorized by Miguel Mármol, in his ''testimonio'', an intellectual but a proletarian-like young man, Martí decided to drop out of his Political Science and Jurisprudence program at the University of El Salvador to fight for his community and nation. In 1920, he was arrested for taking part along with other students in a protest against the Meléndez-Quiñónez dy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Feliciano Ama
José Feliciano de Jesús Ama Trampa (1881 – 28 January 1932) was an indigenous peasant leader, a Pipil from Izalco in El Salvador, who participated and died during La Matanza. Ama had his lands taken by the wealthy coffee planting family, the Regalados, during which he was hung by his thumbs and beaten. This was in the context of liberal reforms which stripped the indigenous population of access to their communal lands, which were appropriated by private landowners. Ama was a day laborer in Izalco. He married Josefa Shupan, who came from an influential Pipil family in Izalco. In 1917, he became a member of the Catholic brotherhood ''Cofradía del Corpus Christi''. His father-in-law, Patricio Shupan, was ''mayordomo'' of the brotherhood, who died in 1917 after participating at a dinner with president Carlos Meléndez. After Shupan's death, Ama became head of the brotherhood, which consisted exclusively of Pipil. In the early morning of 22 January 1932, Ama led the Pipil p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1932 Salvadoran Peasant Massacre
''La Matanza'' (Spanish for "The Massacre") refers to a communist-indigenous rebellion in El Salvador that took place between 22 and 25 January 1932. It was succeeded by large-scale government killings in western El Salvador, which resulted in the deaths of 10,000 to 40,000 people. On 22 January 1932, members of the Communist Party of El Salvador (PCES) and Pipil peasants launched a rebellion against the Salvadoran military government due to widespread social unrest and the suppression of democratic political freedoms, especially after the cancellation of the results of the 1932 legislative election. During the rebellion, the communist and indigenous rebels, led by Farabundo Martí and Feliciano Ama, respectively, captured several towns and cities across western El Salvador, killing an estimated 2,000 people and inflicting over USD$100,000 in property damage in the process. The Salvadoran government, led by General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, who assumed power follow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1935 Salvadoran Presidential Election
Presidential elections were held in El Salvador between 13 and 15 January 1935. Maximiliano Hernández Martínez Maximiliano Hernández Martínez (20 October 1882 – 15 May 1966) was a Salvadoran military officer and politician who served as the president of El Salvador from 4 December 1931 to 28 August 1934 in an acting capacity and again in an officia ... was the only candidate and was returned unopposed. Dieter Nohlen (2005) ''Elections in the Americas: A data handbook Vol. 1'' Oxford University Press, p287 Results References Bibliography *Alvarenga Venutolo, Patricia (1996) ''Cultura y etica de la violencia'' San José: EDUCA *Anderson, Thomas P (1971) ''Matanza: El Salvador's communist revolt of 1932'' Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press *Bland, Gary "Assessing the transition to democracy." in Tulchin, Joseph S. with Gary Bland (1992) ''Is there a transition to democracy in El Salvador?'' Boulder: Westview Press *Grieb, Kenneth J (1971) "The United States and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maximiliano Hernández Martínez
Maximiliano Hernández Martínez (20 October 1882 – 15 May 1966) was a Salvadoran military officer and politician who served as the president of El Salvador from 4 December 1931 to 28 August 1934 in an acting capacity and again in an official capacity from 1 March 1935 until his resignation on 9 May 1944. He was the leader of El Salvador during World War II. While he served as President Arturo Araujo's vice president and defense minister, a directorate seized power during a palace coup and afterwards named Hernández Martínez president of El Salvador. He served as president for almost 12 years and ruled the nation with an authoritarian one-party state led by the fascistic and anti-communist National Pro Patria Party. His rule was marked by rigged and fraudulent electionsWilliams, Philip J. and Knut Walter (1997) ''Militarization and demilitarization in El Salvador's transition to democracy'' Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, p27 and brutality, most notably the 19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1931 Salvadoran General Election
General elections were held in El Salvador on 11 and 13 January 1931. Arturo Araujo won the presidential elections running on a Labor Party (El Salvador), Labor Party-National Republican Party (El Salvador), National Republican Party ticket. Background Previous elections had usually seen the incumbents choosing their successors, allowing the oligarchy perpetual control of the country's politics. However, on this occasion Pío Romero Bosque failed to designate a successor, resulting in a wide variety of candidates. Whilst Arajuo obtained a plurality of the votes, he had failed to secure a majority. However, the newly elected Assembly consisted largely of Arajuo supporters, and when convenened on 12 February, allowed him to assume the presidency. However, Araujo, a landowner with progressive ideals, had the misfortune of taking office in the midst of massive labor and student strikes. Martial law was declared, and soon the military, upset about not having received its pay and supp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
.jpg "Click for more on -> Farabundo Martí")
.jpg "Click for more on -> 1932 Salvadoran Peasant Massacre")
