|
1913 Australian Referendum
The 1913 Australian referendum was held on 31 May 1913. It contained six referendum questions and was held in conjunction with the 1913 federal election. Background Having failed with the 1911 referendum, the Attorney-General, Billy Hughes, tried again, breaking each of the changes into separate questions. The changes were said to be necessary because the Commonwealth's powers had been cut down by successive decision of the High Court in applying the inter-governmental immunities and reserved state powers doctrines until they were said to be futile. The cases referred to by the Attorney-General were: ::* Union label case (1908) - trade marks ::* Huddart, Parker & Co Ltd v Moorehead (1909) - control of corporations ::* SS Kalibia v Wilson (1910) - navigation power ::* Melbourne Steamship Co Ltd v Moorehead (1912) - trade & commerce power ::* Railway servants Case (1906) - State railways employees could not be part of an interstate industrial dispute ::* Jumbunna Coal Mine NL v ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1913 Australian Federal Election
The 1913 Australian federal election was held in Australia on 31 May 1913. All 75 seats in the House of Representatives, and 18 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election. The incumbent Labor Party, led by Prime Minister Andrew Fisher, was defeated by the opposition Commonwealth Liberal Party under Joseph Cook. The new government had a majority of just a single seat, and held a minority of seats in the Senate. It would last only 15 months, suffering defeat at the 1914 election. The 1913 election was held in conjunction with six referendum questions, none of which were carried. According to David Day, Andrew Fisher's biographer, "it was probably the timing of the referenda that was most responsible for the disappointing election result" for the Labor Party. Results House of Representatives ---- ;Notes * Three members were elected unopposed – one Liberal and two Labor. Senate Seats changing hands * Members listed in italics did not contest their seat at t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
R V Barger
''R v Barger''. is a 1908 High Court of Australia case where the majority held that the Section 51(ii) of the Australian Constitution, taxation power The prosecutions Despite the declaration in the Harvester case, McKay did not increase the wages paid to his employees to the minimum that Higgins J had declared to be fair and reasonable, nor did he pay the excise specified in the ''Excise Act'' 1906. Both McKay and another manufacturer of agricultural machinery in Melbourne, William Barger, were prosecuted by the Commonwealth for failing to pay the excise. The defences of Barger and McKay included an objection that the ''Excise Act'' 1906 was invalid. That objection was referred to the Full Court of the High Court for hearing. The argument for Barger and McKay was that although the Act on its face purports to be an exercise of the taxation power, the real substance and effect of the Act was with respect to the conditions and remuneration of labour. The State of Victoria obtained ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1913 Australian Referendum (Railway Disputes)
The ''Constitution Alteration (Railways Disputes) Bill'' 1912 was an unsuccessful referendum held in 1913 that sought to alter the Australian Constitution to give the Commonwealth legislative power over industrial relations in the state railway services. The question was put to a referendum in the 1913 Australian referendum. Question ''Do you approve of the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled 'Constitution Alteration (Railway Disputes) 1912'?'' The proposal was to alter the text of section 51 of the Constitution to read as follows:. 51. The Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have Legislative power to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of the Commonwealth with respect to: :(xxxv.A.) Conciliation and arbitration for prevention and settlement of industrial disputes in relation to employment in the railway service of a State. Results The referendum was not approved by a majority of voters, and a majority of the voters was ach ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1913 Australian Referendum (Monopolies)
The ''Constitution Alteration (Nationalization of Monopolies) Bill'' 1912, was an unsuccessful referendum held in 1913 that sought to alter the Australian Constitution to give the Commonwealth legislative power in respect to monopolies. Issues Question ''Do you approve of the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled 'Constitution Alteration (Nationalization of Monopolies) 1912'?'' The proposal was to alter the text of section 51 of the Constitution to read as follows:. 51a. (1) When each House of the Parliament, in the same session, has by resolution, passed by an absolute majority of its members, declared that the industry or business of producing, manufacturing, or supplying any specified services, is the subject of a monopoly, the Parliament shall have power to make laws for carrying on the industry or business by or under the control of the Commonwealth, and acquiring for that purpose on just terms any property used in connexion with the industry or bus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1913 Australian Referendum (Trusts)
The ''Constitution Alteration (Trusts) Bill'' 1912, was an unsuccessful referendum held in 1913 that sought to alter the Australian Constitution to give the Commonwealth legislative power in respect to trusts. Question ''Do you approve of the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled 'Constitution Alteration (Trusts) 1912'?'' The proposal was to alter the text of section 51 of the Constitution to read as follows:. 51. The Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have Legislative power to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of the Commonwealth with respect to: :(xl.) Trusts, combinations, and monopolies in relation to the production, manufacture, or supply of goods, or the supply of services. Results The referendum was not approved by a majority of voters, and a majority of the voters was achieved in only three states. Discussion The 1911 referendum asked a single question that dealt with the acquisition of monopolies. This resolu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1913 Australian Referendum (Industrial Matters)
The ''Constitution Alteration (Industrial Matters) Bill'' 1912, was an unsuccessful referendum held in 1913 that sought to alter the Australian Constitution to give the Commonwealth legislative power in respect to industrial matters. Issues Question ''Do you approve of the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled 'Constitution Alteration (Industrial Matters) 1912'?'' The proposal was to alter the text of section 51 of the Constitution to read as follows:. 51. The Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have Legislative power to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of the Commonwealth with respect to: (xxxv.) Conciliation and arbitration for the prevention and settlement of industrial disputes extending beyond the limits of any one State: ::Labour, and employment, and unemployment, including- :::(a) the terms and conditions of labour and employment in any trade, industry, occupation, or calling; :::(b) the rights and obligations of em ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1913 Australian Referendum (Corporations)
The ''Constitution Alteration (Corporations) Bill'' 1912, was an unsuccessful proposal to alter the Australian Constitution to extend the Commonwealth legislative power in respect to corporations that was put to voters for approval in a referendum held in 1913. Question ''Do you approve of the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled'' "Constitution Alteration (Corporations) 1912"? The proposal was to alter the text of section 51 of the Constitution to read as follows: 51. The Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have Legislative power to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of the Commonwealth with respect to: :(xx.) Foreign corporations, and trading or financial corporations formed within the limits of the Commonwealth: ::Corporations, including :::(a) the creation, dissolution, regulation, and control of corporations ; :::(b) corporations formed under the law of a State, including their dissolution, regulation, and control; but ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1913 Australian Referendum (Trade And Commerce)
The ''Constitution Alteration (Trade and Commerce) Bill'' 1912, was an unsuccessful referendum held in 1913 that sought to alter the Australian Constitution to extend Commonwealth legislative power in respect to trade and commerce. Issues The "Yes" Case *The trade and commerce power is the keystone of the powers of the federal parliament. The present limitation to inter-state trade and commerce paralyses the parliament's action in almost every direction. *The present division of the trade and commerce power between federation and states is artificial, indefinite, illogical and mischievous. *Trade and commerce are national matters and state laws are not adequate. The "No" Case *If passed, this proposal will vest in the federal government the control of all business within the Commonwealth. This will mean that the centralised government will dominate all trade and commerce, including that which is carried on within state borders. *The proposal will lead to a great deal of le ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tasmania
) , nickname = , image_map = Tasmania in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of Tasmania in AustraliaCoordinates: , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Australia , established_title = Before federation , established_date = Colony of Tasmania , established_title2 = Federation , established_date2 = 1 January 1901 , named_for = Abel Tasman , demonym = , capital = Hobart , largest_city = capital , coordinates = , admin_center = 29 local government areas , admin_center_type = Administration , leader_title1 = Monarch , leader_name1 = Charles III , leader_title2 = Governor , leader_name2 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Western Australia
Western Australia (commonly abbreviated as WA) is a state of Australia occupying the western percent of the land area of Australia excluding external territories. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east, and South Australia to the south-east. Western Australia is Australia's largest state, with a total land area of . It is the second-largest country subdivision in the world, surpassed only by Russia's Sakha Republic. the state has 2.76 million inhabitants percent of the national total. The vast majority (92 percent) live in the south-west corner; 79 percent of the population lives in the Perth area, leaving the remainder of the state sparsely populated. The first Europeans to visit Western Australia belonged to the Dutch Dirk Hartog expedition, who visited the Western Australian coast in 1616. The first permanent European colony of Western Australia occurred following the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
South Australia
South Australia (commonly abbreviated as SA) is a state in the southern central part of Australia. It covers some of the most arid parts of the country. With a total land area of , it is the fourth-largest of Australia's states and territories by area, and second smallest state by population. It has a total of 1.8 million people. Its population is the second most highly centralised in Australia, after Western Australia, with more than 77 percent of South Australians living in the capital Adelaide, or its environs. Other population centres in the state are relatively small; Mount Gambier, the second-largest centre, has a population of 33,233. South Australia shares borders with all of the other mainland states, as well as the Northern Territory; it is bordered to the west by Western Australia, to the north by the Northern Territory, to the north-east by Queensland, to the east by New South Wales, to the south-east by Victoria, and to the south by the Great Australian Bight.M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Queensland
) , nickname = Sunshine State , image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of Queensland in Australia , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Australia , established_title = Before federation , established_date = Colony of Queensland , established_title2 = Separation from New South Wales , established_date2 = 6 June 1859 , established_title3 = Federation , established_date3 = 1 January 1901 , named_for = Queen Victoria , demonym = , capital = Brisbane , largest_city = capital , coordinates = , admin_center_type = Administration , admin_center = 77 local government areas , leader_title1 = Monarch , leader_name1 = Charles III , leader_title2 = Governor , leader_name2 = Jeannette Young , leader_title3 = Premier , leader_name3 = Annastacia Palaszczuk ( ALP) , legislature = Parliament of Queensland , judiciary = Supreme Court of Queensland , national_representation = Parliament of Australia , national_representation_type ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
