|
1911 Australian Referendum (Trade And Commerce)
The ''Constitution Alteration (Legislative Powers) Bill'' 1910, was put to voters for approval in a referendum held in the 1911 referendums. The bill sought to alter the Australian Constitution to extend the Commonwealth power in respect of trade and commerce, the control of corporations, labour and employment and combinations and monopolies. All of the proposed changes were contained within the one question. Question ''Do you approve of the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled 'Constitution Alteration (Legislative Powers) 1910'?'' The proposal was to alter the text of section 51 of the Constitution to read as follows: 51. The Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have Legislative power to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of the Commonwealth with respect to: :(i.) Trade and commerce with other countries, and among the States; :... :(xx.) Foreign corporations, and trading or financial corporations formed within the limits of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Referendums In Australia
Referendums have been held in Australia to approve parliament-proposed changes to the Constitution of Australia or to the constitutions of states and territories. Polls conducted on non-constitutional issues are sometimes but not always referred to as plebiscites. Not all federal referendums have been on constitutional matters (such as the 1916 Australian conscription referendum), and state votes that likewise do not affect the constitution are frequently said to be referendums (such as the 2009 Western Australian daylight saving referendum). Historically, they are used by Australians interchangeably and a plebiscite was considered another name for a referendum. Voting in a referendum is compulsory for those on the electoral roll, in the same way that it is compulsory to vote in a general election. As of 2020, 44 nationwide referendums have been held, only eight of which have been carried. However, there have only been 19 times the Australian people have gone to the polls to vo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1911 Australian Referendum
The 1911 Australian referendum was held on 26 April 1911. It contained two referendum questions. __NoTOC__ Results in detail Trade and Commerce :''This section is an excerpt from 1911 Australian referendum (Trade and Commerce) § Results'' Monopolies :''This section is an excerpt from 1911 Australian referendum (Monopolies) § Results'' See also *Referendums in Australia *Politics of Australia *History of Australia References Further reading * * . * Australian Electoral Commission (2007) Referendum Dates and Results 1906 – Present' AEC, Canberra. {{DEFAULTSORT:Australian Referendum, 1911 1911 referendums 1911 Plebiscite A referendum (plural: referendums or less commonly referenda) is a direct vote by the electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue. This is in contrast to an issue being voted on by a representative. This may result in the adoption of ... April 1911 events ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Australian Constitution
The Constitution of Australia (or Australian Constitution) is a constitutional document that is supreme law in Australia. It establishes Australia as a federation under a constitutional monarchy and outlines the structure and powers of the Australian government's three constituent parts, the executive, legislature, and judiciary. The constitution was drafted between 1891 and 1898, through a series of conventions conducted by representatives of the six self-governing British colonies in Australia. The final draft was then approved in a set of referendums from 1898 to 1900. The British government objected to some elements of the final draft, but a slightly modified form was enacted as section 9 of the ''Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900'', an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The act was given royal assent on 9 July 1900, was proclaimed on 17 September 1900, and entered into force on 1 January 1901. The constitution gave the six colonies the status ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Section 51(i) Of The Constitution Of Australia
Section 51(i) of the Australian Constitution enables the Parliament of Australia to make laws about: :Trade and commerce with other countries, and among the States; Legislative powers of the Parliament. The meaning of trade and commerce is clarified in section 98 of the Constitution which provides :The power of the Parliament to make laws with respect to trade and commerce extends to navigation and shipping, and to railways the property of any State. Trade and commerce includes navigation and State railways. Interpretation by the courts "Trade" and "commerce" have been broadly construed. The early case of ''W & A McArthur Ltd v Queensland'',. declared: "Trade and commerce" between different countrieswe leave out for the present the word "intercourse"has never been confined to the mere act of transportation of merchandise over the frontier. That the words include that act is, of course, a truism. But that they go far beyond it is a fact quite as undoubted. All the commercial ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Section 51(xx) Of The Constitution Of Australia
Section 51(xx) of the Australian Constitution, is a subsection of Section 51 of the Australian Constitution that gives the Commonwealth Parliament the power to legislate with respect to "foreign corporations, and trading or financial corporations formed within the limits of the Commonwealth". This power has become known as "the corporations power", the extent of which has been the subject of numerous judicial cases. Jurisprudence to 1971 After the High Court's decision in ''Huddart, Parker & Co Ltd v Moorehead'' (1909), the "corporations" power was largely ignored as a basis for Commonwealth legislation. The majority judges agreed in this case that the power should be construed narrowly, though they were unable to agree on any appropriate interpretation. Their approach reflected the perceived need to protect "the reserved powers of the States", an idea abandoned in 1920 as a result of the '' Engineer' case''.. Justice Issacs dissent in ''Huddart, Parker & Co.'' gave a broad mean ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monopolies
A monopoly (from Greek el, μόνος, mónos, single, alone, label=none and el, πωλεῖν, pōleîn, to sell, label=none), as described by Irving Fisher, is a market with the "absence of competition", creating a situation where a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular thing. This contrasts with a monopsony which relates to a single entity's control of a market to purchase a good or service, and with oligopoly and duopoly which consists of a few sellers dominating a market. Monopolies are thus characterized by a lack of economic competition to produce the good or service, a lack of viable substitute goods, and the possibility of a high monopoly price well above the seller's marginal cost that leads to a high monopoly profit. The verb ''monopolise'' or ''monopolize'' refers to the ''process'' by which a company gains the ability to raise prices or exclude competitors. In economics, a monopoly is a single seller. In law, a monopoly is a business ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Australian Referendum, 1913 (Trade And Commerce)
The ''Constitution Alteration (Trade and Commerce) Bill'' 1912, was an unsuccessful referendum held in 1913 that sought to alter the Australian Constitution to extend Commonwealth legislative power in respect to trade and commerce. Issues The "Yes" Case *The trade and commerce power is the keystone of the powers of the federal parliament. The present limitation to inter-state trade and commerce paralyses the parliament's action in almost every direction. *The present division of the trade and commerce power between federation and states is artificial, indefinite, illogical and mischievous. *Trade and commerce are national matters and state laws are not adequate. The "No" Case *If passed, this proposal will vest in the federal government the control of all business within the Commonwealth. This will mean that the centralised government will dominate all trade and commerce, including that which is carried on within state borders. *The proposal will lead to a great deal of le ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1919 Australian Referendum (Legislative Powers)
The ''Constitution Alteration (Legislative Powers) Bill'' 1919, was an unsuccessful proposal to alter the Australian Constitution to temporarily extend Commonwealth legislative powers with respect to trade and commerce, corporations, industrial matters and trusts that was put to voters for approval in a referendum held in 1919. If approved, the amendments would have operated for a maximum of 3 years. The 1919 referendum was held in conjunction with the 1919 federal election. Question ''Do you approve of the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled 'Constitution Alteration (Legislative Powers) 1919'?'' Results Question: ''Do you approve of the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled 'Constitution Alteration (Legislative Powers) 1919'?'' References 1919 referendums Referendum (Legislative Powers) Constitutional referendums in Australia {{Australia-gov-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1926 Australian Referendum (Industry And Commerce)
The ''Constitution Alteration (Industry and Commerce) Bill'' 1926, was an unsuccessful proposal to alter the Australian Constitution to extend the Commonwealth legislative power in respect to corporations, and to give it the power to make laws with respect to trusts and combinations in restraint of trade, trade union A trade union (labor union in American English), often simply referred to as a union, is an organization of workers intent on "maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment", ch. I such as attaining better wages and benefits ...s and employer associations. It was put to voters for approval in a referendum held on 4 September 1926. Question ''Do you approve of the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled 'Constitution Alteration (Industry and Commerce) 1926'?'' The proposal was to alter section 51 of the Constitution as follows: Section fifty-one of the Constitution is altered— industry and Commerce. :{a) by omitting ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Huddart, Parker & Co Pty Ltd V Moorehead
''Huddart, Parker & Co Pty Ltd v Moorehead''. is a leading decision by the High Court of Australia that dealt with two issues under the Australian Constitution, the identification and extent of judicial power that is vested in the courts and the corporations power of the Parliament. The Court unanimously held that the inquiry provisions of the ''Australian Industries Preservation Act 1906'' were not an exercise of judicial power. The judgement of Griffith CJ in particular continues to be cited in relation to its examination of the identification and extent of judicial power. The court, however, divided on the proper approach to the corporations power. The majority, Griffith CJ, Barton & O'Connor JJ, strongly influenced by the now discredited doctrine of reserved State powers, held that the corporations power was to be construed narrowly because the trade and commerce power did not include intrastate trade and commerce. While the reserved powers doctrine was unambiguously r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Huddart, Parker & Co Ltd V Moorehead
''Huddart, Parker & Co Pty Ltd v Moorehead''. is a List of High Court of Australia cases, leading decision by the High Court of Australia that dealt with two issues under the Australian Constitution, the identification and extent of judicial power that is Chapter III Court, vested in the courts and the Section 51(xx) of the Australian Constitution, corporations power of the Parliament of Australia, Parliament. The Court unanimously held that the inquiry provisions of the ''Australian Industries Preservation Act 1906'' were not an exercise of judicial power. The judgement of Griffith CJ in particular continues to be cited in relation to its examination of the identification and extent of judicial power. The court, however, divided on the proper approach to the corporations power. The majority, Samuel Griffith, Griffith Chief Justice of Australia, CJ, Edmund Barton, Barton & Richard O'Connor (politician), O'Connor Justices, JJ, strongly influenced by the now discredited doctrine of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Politics Of Australia
The politics of Australia take place within the framework of a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Australia has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system under its Constitution, one of the world's oldest, since Federation in 1901. Australia is the world's sixth oldest continuous democracy and largely operates as a two-party system in which voting is compulsory. Australia is also a federation, where power is divided between the federal government and the states and territories. The federal government is separated into three branches: File:Au_gov_chart.svg, center, 640px, Structure of the Government of Australia, alt=A high level diagram of the structure of the Government of Australia, the three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial. rect 575 6 1175 56 Constitution of Australia rect 575 191 1175 241 Governor General of Australia rect 125 341 425 391 Legislative Branch rect 725 341 1025 391 Executive Branch rect 1325 341 1625 391 Judic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
