|
1705 In Science
The year 1705 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * Edmond Halley, in his ''Synopsis Astronomia Cometicae'', states that comets seen in 1456, 1531, 1607, and 1682 were actually a single comet and correctly predicts that it will return in 1758. Life sciences * Dutch lepidopterist Maria Merian publishes ''Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium''. * French anatomist Raymond Vieussens publishes ''Novum vasorum corporis humani systema'', considered an early classic work on cardiology. * French surgeon Jean Louis Petit publishes ''L'Art de guerir les maladies des os'', the first significant work on bone disease. Other events * April 16 – Isaac Newton is knighted by Anne, Queen of Great Britain. Births * February 22 – Peter Artedi, Swedish naturalist (died 1735) * April 11 – William Cookworthy, English chemist (died 1780) * June 21 – David Hartley, English physician and psychologist (died 1757) * ''undated'' – Charles Labelye, Swiss engin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Science
Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence for scientific reasoning is tens of thousands of years old. The earliest written records in the history of science come from Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages, but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age and later by the efforts of Byzantine Greek scholars who brought Greek ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anne, Queen Of Great Britain
Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714) was Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland from 8 March 1702 until 1 May 1707. On 1 May 1707, under the Acts of Union, the kingdoms of England and Scotland united as a single sovereign state known as Great Britain. Anne continued to reign as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland until her death. Anne was born in the reign of Charles II to his younger brother and heir presumptive, James, whose suspected Roman Catholicism was unpopular in England. On Charles's instructions, Anne and her elder sister Mary were raised as Anglicans. Mary married their Dutch Protestant cousin, William III of Orange, in 1677, and Anne married Prince George of Denmark in 1683. On Charles's death in 1685, James succeeded to the throne, but just three years later he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Mary and William became joint monarchs. Although the sisters had been close, disagreements over Anne's finances, status, and choice of acquaintances ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Ray
John Ray FRS (29 November 1627 – 17 January 1705) was a Christian English naturalist widely regarded as one of the earliest of the English parson-naturalists. Until 1670, he wrote his name as John Wray. From then on, he used 'Ray', after "having ascertained that such had been the practice of his family before him". He published important works on botany, zoology, and natural theology. His classification of plants in his ''Historia Plantarum'', was an important step towards modern taxonomy. Ray rejected the system of dichotomous division by which species were classified according to a pre-conceived, either/or type system , and instead classified plants according to similarities and differences that emerged from observation. He was among the first to attempt a biological definition for the concept of ''species'', as "a group of morphologically similar organisms arising from a common ancestor". Another significant contribution to taxonomy was his division of plants into those ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1785 In Science
The year 1785 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * Dunsink Observatory established near Dublin. Aviation * January 7 – Frenchman Jean-Pierre Blanchard and American John Jeffries travel from Dover, England to Calais, France in a gas balloon, becoming the first to cross the English Channel by air. * January 19 – Richard Crosbie successfully flies in a hot air balloon across Dublin, the first ascent in Ireland. Biology * Antoine François and Étienne Louis Geoffroy publish ''Entomologia Parisiensis, sive, Catalogus insectorum quae in agro Parisiensi reperiuntur ...''. * John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, publishes ''Botanical Tables, containing the different families of British plants''. Earth sciences * March 7–July – James Hutton's ''Theory of the Earth'' is first presented, at the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Exploration * André Michaux is sent by the French government to North America to look for new plants. Mathematics * The Marquis d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Faustina Pignatelli
Faustina Pignatelli Carafa, princess of Colubrano (9 December 1705-30 December 1769), was an Italian mathematician and scientist from Naples. She became the second woman (after the Bolognese physicist Laura Bassi) to be elected to the Academy of Sciences of Bologna on 20 November 1732. In 1734, Faustina published a paper titled ''Problemata Mathematica'' using the name "anonima napolitana" (a Latin phrase meaning "anonymous female from Naples"), in the German scientific journal '' Nova Acta Eruditorum'', which was published entirely in Latin. Alongside her brother Peter, she was educated by Nicola De Martino and was instrumental in introducing the theories of Isaac Newton to Naples. She was an important participator in the scientific debate in Italy and corresponded with the French Academy of Sciences. Upon her marriage to the poet Francesco Domenico Carafa in 1724, she was given the principality Colubrano in southern Italy as a dowry by her father. Francesco Maria Zanotti, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1788 In Science
The year 1788 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * December 21 – Caroline Herschel discovers the periodic comet 35P/Herschel–Rigollet. Biology * Dr. Edward Jenner publishes his observation that it is the newly hatched common cuckoo which pushes its host's eggs and chicks out of the nest. * James E. Smith founds the Linnean Society of London. * Utamaro publishes ''Ehon Mushi Erami'' ("Picture Book of Crawling Creatures") in Japan with color illustrations. * Thomas Walter publishes ''Flora Caroliniana'', the first flora of North America to follow Linnaean taxonomy. * Gilbert White publishes '' The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne, in the County of Southampton'' (dated 1789), a pioneering observational study of English ecology. Earth sciences * James Hutton's ''Theory of the Earth; or an Investigation of the Laws observable in the Composition, Dissolution, and Restoration of Land upon the Globe'' is published for the first time, i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thomas Boulsover
Thomas Boulsover (1705 – 9 September 1788), was a Sheffield cutler who is best remembered as the inventor of Sheffield Plate. He made his fortune manufacturing various items, but especially buttons using the process, he later diversified into making cast steel and saws. Early years and apprenticeship Boulsover was born in Longley, which was then a remote hamlet between the town of Sheffield and the village of Ecclesfield, He was the son of Samuel Boulsover, a farmer and cutler and Margaret Brownell of Hathersage, being baptised at Ecclesfield church on 18 October 1705. He began his apprenticeship to learn the trade of cutler in 1718, being apprenticed to Joseph Fletcher, a native of Wirksworth in Derbyshire who had established himself as a cutler in Sheffield. Fletcher was a Presbyterian and the young Boulsover would have been brought up with the same religious views as it was expected that an apprentice would join his master and family in their manner of worship. Thomas Bou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1781 In Science
The year 1781 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * March 13 – William Herschel observes Uranus (although initially recording it as a comet). * March 20 – Pierre Méchain discovers dwarf galaxy NGC 5195. * Charles Messier's final catalogue of Messier objects is published. * Christian Mayer's catalogue of binary stars is published. Biology * Felice Fontana uses a microscope to describe the axon of a brain cell. * John Latham begins publication of ''A General Synopsis of Birds''. Chemistry * Archibald Cochrane, 9th Earl of Dundonald is granted a British patent for the manufacture of coal tar. * Carl Wilhelm Scheele ascertains that a new acid can be made from tungstenite, leading to the discovery of tungsten in 1783. * Autumn – Peter Jacob Hjelm isolates molybdenum. Awards * Copley Medal: William Herschel Births * January 30 – Adelbert von Chamisso, poet and botanist (died 1838) * February 17 – Rene Theophile Hyacinthe La ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles Labelye
Charles Labelye (1705, Vevey, Switzerland – 1762) was a Swiss bridge engineer and mathematician. Moving to England in the 1720s and receiving patronage from the Duke of Bedford and Earl of Pembroke, he is best known there for his work on the original Westminster Bridge (rebuilt in 1854–62) and his invention on that project of caissons as a method of bridge-building. This was praised on its completion, though during the period of construction he received heavy criticism from ill-informed observers, which worsened his health. Other British projects of his were Brentford Bridge (1740–42), London Bridge (his consultations were sought in 1746 but not acted upon by the corporation of London), designs for a harbour at Sandwich (engraved by Harris about 1740) and reports on the port and harbour facilities at Great Yarmouth (1747) and Sunderland (1748, also with suggested improvements to the River Wear). An act of parliament in 1746 (19 Geo. II, cap. 26) naturalised him as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1757 In Science
The year 1757 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * Nicolas Louis de Lacaille publishes his ''Astronomiae Fundamenta Novissimus'', containing a standard catalogue of 398 bright stars with positions corrected for aberration and nutation. * Tobias Mayer presents accurate tables of the Moon's motion to the Board of Longitude in Great Britain. Chemistry * Scottish physician Francis Home publishes ''The Principles of Agriculture and Vegetation'', an early presentation of the chemical principles underlying plant nutrition, in Edinburgh. Medicine * December 8 – Opening of the "New Lying-In" or Rotunda Hospital in Dublin, designed by Richard Cassels. * Albrecht von Haller begins publication of ''Elementa physiologiae corporis humani'' in Switzerland. Physics * Leonhard Euler publishes his equations for inviscid flow. Technology * London instrument maker John Bird makes the first navigational sextant. * Benjamin Franklin invents a three-wheel cloc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
David Hartley (philosopher)
David Hartley (; baptized 21 June 1705 Old Style; died 28 August 1757) was an English philosopher and founder of the Associationist school of psychology. Early life and family history David Hartley was born in 1705 in the vicinity of Halifax, Yorkshire. His mother died three months after his birth. His father, an Anglican clergyman, died when David was fifteen. Hartley was educated at Bradford Grammar School and in 1722 was admitted as a Sizar to Jesus College, Cambridge. He received his BA in 1726 and MA in 1729. In April 1730 he became the first layperson to be Master of Magnus Grammar School ( Magnus Church of England Academy), Newark, and it was there that he began to practice medicine. On 21 April 1730, Hartley married Alice Rowley (1705–31). The couple moved to Bury St Edmunds, and Alice died there giving birth to their son David Hartley (the Younger) (1731–1813). While in Bury, Hartley met his second wife, Elizabeth Packer (1713–78), the fifth child and only daught ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1780 In Science
The year 1780 in science and technology involved some significant events. Biology * Clément Joseph Tissot publishes ''Gymnastique médicinale et chirurgicale, ou, essai sur l'utilité du mouvement, ou des différens exercices du corps, et du repos dans la cure des malades'' in Paris, the first text on the therapeutic benefits of physical exercise. * Lazzaro Spallanzani publishes ''Dissertationi di fisica animale e vegetale'', first interpreting the process of animal digestion as a chemical process in the stomach, by action of gastric juice. He also carries out important researches on animal fertilization. Chemistry * Lactose is identified as a sugar by Carl Wilhelm Scheele. Physics * Jean-Paul Marat publishes ''Recherches physiques sur le feu'' (''Research into the Physics of Fire'') and ''Découvertes de M. Marat sur la lumière'' (''Mr Marat's Discoveries on Light''). History of science * Dr John Aikin publishes his ''Biographical Memoirs of Medicine in Great Britain'', the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
