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1682 In Science
{{Science year nav, 1682 The year 1682 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * A comet is observed, which later becomes known as Comet Halley, after Edmund Halley successfully predicts its return in 1758. Discoveries * Antony Van Leeuwenhoek discovers the banded pattern of muscle fibers. Botany * John Ray publishes his ''Methodus plantarum nova'', which sets out his system to divide flowering plants into monocotyledons and dicotyledons. Exploration * René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle canoes down the Mississippi River, naming the Mississippi basin Louisiana in honour of Louis XIV. Medicine * English naval surgeon James Yonge (1646–1721) publishes ''Wounds of the Brain Proved Curable'', probably the first monograph in English on surgery of the head. Births * February 4 – Johann Friedrich Böttger, German alchemist and developer of porcelain manufacture (died 1719) * February 25 – Giovanni Battista Morgagni, Italian anatomist ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Science
Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence for scientific reasoning is tens of thousands of years old. The earliest written records in the history of science come from Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages, but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age and later by the efforts of Byzantine Greek scholars who brought Greek ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johann Friedrich Böttger
Johann Friedrich Böttger (also Böttcher or Böttiger; 4 February 1682 – 13 March 1719) was a German alchemist. Böttger was born in Schleiz and died in Dresden. He is normally credited with being the first European to discover the secret of the creation of hard-paste porcelain in 1708, but it has also been claimed that English manufacturers or Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus produced porcelain first. Certainly, the Meissen factory, established 1710, was the first to produce porcelain in Europe in large quantities and since the recipe was kept a trade secret by Böttger for his company, experiments continued elsewhere throughout Europe. Biography On Thursday, February 5, 1682, Johann Friedrich Böttger was baptized in Schleiz as the third child of his parents. His father was a mint master in Schleiz. His mother was the daughter of the Magdeburg councilor Pflug. In 1682 the family moved to Magdeburg. In the same year his father died. In 1685 his mother married the also wido ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1744 In Science
The year 1744 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * Great Comet of 1744, first sighted in 1743, remains visible until April (perihelion about March 1). Cartography * César-François Cassini de Thury publishes a new triangulated map of France. Earth sciences * Susanna Drury's illustrations of the Giant's Causeway in northern Ireland are engraved by François Vivares in London (1743–4), bringing the rock formation to wide European notice. Mathematics * Leonhard Euler discovers the catenoid and proves it to be a minimal surface. Medicine * By July – Northampton General Hospital established as Northampton Infirmary in England. Awards * Copley Medal: Henry Baker Births * March 7 - Jean-Baptiste Dumangin, French physician (died 1826) * June 22 – Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben, German naturalist (died 1777) * August 1 – Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, French naturalist (died 1829) * August 16 – Pierre Méchain, French astronomer (died 180 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Hadley
John Hadley (16 April 1682 – 14 February 1744) was an English mathematician, and laid claim to the invention of the octant, two years after Thomas Godfrey claimed the same. Biography He was born in Bloomsbury, London the eldest son of George Hadley of Osidge, East Barnet, Hertfordshire and his wife Katherine FitzJames. His younger brother George Hadley became a noted meteorologist. In 1717 John became a member (and later vice-president) of the Royal Society of London. In 1729 he inherited his father's East Barnet estate. He died in East Barnet in 1744 and is buried in the local churchyard with other members of his family. He had married Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Hodges, FRS (former Attorney General of Barbados) and had one child, a son and heir John, born in 1738. Work In 1730 Hadley invented the reflecting octant, which could be used to measure the altitude of the sun or other celestial objects above the horizon at sea. A mobile arm carrying a mirror and pivotin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1749 In Science
The year 1749 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * Pierre Bouguer publishes La figure de la terre' in Paris, describing some of the results of his work with Charles Marie de La Condamine on the French Geodesic Mission to Peru (begun in 1735) to measure a degree of the meridian arc near the equator. Biology * Georges-Louis Leclerc, ''afterwards'' Comte du Buffon, begins publication of his . Mathematics * April 12 – Euler produces the first proof of Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares, based on infinite descent. Institutions * April 12 – Official opening of the Radcliffe Library in Oxford, built under the will of the physician John Radcliffe (died 1714) (although it does not become a primarily science library until 1810). * Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin appointed Secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, a position he will hold until his death in 1783. Awards * Copley Medal: John Harrison Births * February 4 – ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mark Catesby
Mark Catesby (24 March 1683 – 23 December 1749) was an English naturalist who studied the flora and fauna of the New World. Between 1729 and 1747 Catesby published his ''Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands'', the first published account of the flora and fauna of North America. It included 220 plates of birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects, mammals and plants. Life and works Catesby was born on 24 March 1683 and baptised at Castle Hedingham, Essex on 30 March 1683. His father, John Catesby (buried 12 November 1703), was a local politician and gentleman farmer. His mother was Elizabeth Jekyll (buried 5 September 1708). The family owned a farm and house, Holgate, in Sudbury, Suffolk as well as property in London. An acquaintance with the naturalist John Ray led to Catesby becoming interested in natural history. The death of his father left Catesby enough to live on, so in 1712, he accompanied his sister Elizabeth to Williamsburg, Virginia. She ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1771 In Science
The year 1771 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * Lagrange discusses how numerous astronomical observations should be combined so as to give the most probable result. Chemistry * British apothecary Thomas Henry invents a process for preparing magnesium oxide. Exploration * August 17 – Edinburgh botanist James Robertson makes the first recorded ascent of Ben Nevis in Scotland. Mathematics * Lagrange publishes his second paper on the general process for solving an algebraic equation of any degree via ''Lagrange resolvents''; and proves Wilson's theorem that if ''n'' is a prime, then (''n'' − 1)! + 1 is always a multiple of ''n''. Medicine * Norfolk and Norwich Hospital founded in England. Events * March 15 – Society of Civil Engineers first meets (in London), the world's oldest engineering society. * December 16 – French chemist Antoine Lavoisier (28) marries Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze, not yet 14 and daughter of his senior in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anatomist
Anatomy () is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science that deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science, having its beginnings in prehistoric times. Anatomy is inherently tied to developmental biology, embryology, comparative anatomy, evolutionary biology, and phylogeny, as these are the processes by which anatomy is generated, both over immediate and long-term timescales. Anatomy and physiology, which study the structure and function of organisms and their parts respectively, make a natural pair of related disciplines, and are often studied together. Human anatomy is one of the essential basic sciences that are applied in medicine. The discipline of anatomy is divided into macroscopic and microscopic. Macroscopic anatomy, or gross anatomy, is the examination of an animal's body parts using unaided eyesight. Gross anatomy also includes the branch of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Italian People
, flag = , flag_caption = The national flag of Italy , population = , regions = Italy 55,551,000 , region1 = Brazil , pop1 = 25–33 million , ref1 = , region2 = Argentina , pop2 = 20–25 million , ref2 = , region3 = United States , pop3 = 17-20 million , ref3 = , region4 = France , pop4 = 1-5 million , ref4 = , region5 = Venezuela , pop5 = 1-5 million , ref5 = , region6 = Paraguay , pop6 = 2.5 million , region7 = Colombia , pop7 = 2 million , ref7 = , region8 = Canada , pop8 = 1.5 million , ref8 = , region9 = Australia , pop9 = 1.0 million , ref9 = , region10 = Uruguay , pop10 = 1.0 million , r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giovanni Battista Morgagni
Giovanni Battista Morgagni (25 February 1682 – 6 December 1771) was an Italian anatomist, generally regarded as the father of modern anatomical pathology, who taught thousands of medical students from many countries during his 56 years as Professor of Anatomy at the University of Padua. His most significant literary contribution, the monumental five-volume ''On the Seats and Causes of Disease'', embodied a lifetime of experience in anatomical dissection and observation, and established the fundamental principle that most diseases are not vaguely dispersed throughout the body, but originate locally, in specific organs and tissues. Education His parents were in comfortable circumstances, but not of the nobility; it appears from his letters to Giovanni Maria Lancisi that Morgagni had ambitions to improve his rank. It may be inferred that he succeeded from the fact that he is described on a memorial tablet at Padua as ''nobilis forolensis'', "noble of Forlì", apparently by right ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1719 In Science
{{Year nav topic5, 1719, science The year 1719 in science and technology involved some significant events some of which are enumerated here. Botany * Johann Jacob Dillenius publishes ''Catalogus plantarum sponte c. Gissam nascentium''. * Michael Bernhard Valentini publishes ''Viridarium reformatum, seu regnum vegetabilis Das ist eingerichtet und-Neu-buch vollständiges Kräuter, Worinnen alfo noch nicht geschehen Weise, als Kräutern Vegetabilien CRF, Sträuchen, Bäumen, Bluhmen Erd-und anderer Art Gewachsen, Krafft und beschreiben werden Würckung dergestalter , dass man dieses Werck statt einer Botanischen Bibliotheca haben, jedes zu seiner rechten Haupt Kraut-Art bringen, dessen Nutzen auch in der deutlich Artzney umständlich und finden'' ... (Anton Heinscheidt, Frankfurt am Main). These two volumes contain many illustrated plates from various botanical works for the ''Florilegium novum'' and ''Florilegium and renovatum auctum'' of Johannes Theodorus de Bry (1561–1623) and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
