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1678 In Science
{{Science year nav, 1678 The year 1678 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * Edmund Halley publishes a catalogue of 341 southern stars—the first systematic southern sky survey. Physics * Christiaan Huygens publishes his ''Traité de la Lumière/Treatise on Light'', which states his principle of wavefront sources. * Robert Hooke discovers the fundamental law of elasticity when he finds that the stress (force) exerted is proportional to the strain (elongation) produced. Zoology * Publication of ''English Spiders'' by Martin Lister, the first book devoted to spiders. Births * April 14 – Abraham Darby I, ironmaster (died 1717) * July 16 – Jakob Hermann, mathematician (died 1733) * October 27 – Pierre Raymond de Montmort, mathematician (died 1719) * November 26 – Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan, geophysicist (died 1771) * December 2 – Nicolaas Kruik (Cruquius), cartographer and meteorologist (died 1754) * ''unknown'' – Pierre Fau ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Science
Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence for scientific reasoning is tens of thousands of years old. The earliest written records in the history of science come from Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages, but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age and later by the efforts of Byzantine Greek scholars who brought Greek ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1719 In Science
{{Year nav topic5, 1719, science The year 1719 in science and technology involved some significant events some of which are enumerated here. Botany * Johann Jacob Dillenius publishes ''Catalogus plantarum sponte c. Gissam nascentium''. * Michael Bernhard Valentini publishes ''Viridarium reformatum, seu regnum vegetabilis Das ist eingerichtet und-Neu-buch vollständiges Kräuter, Worinnen alfo noch nicht geschehen Weise, als Kräutern Vegetabilien CRF, Sträuchen, Bäumen, Bluhmen Erd-und anderer Art Gewachsen, Krafft und beschreiben werden Würckung dergestalter , dass man dieses Werck statt einer Botanischen Bibliotheca haben, jedes zu seiner rechten Haupt Kraut-Art bringen, dessen Nutzen auch in der deutlich Artzney umständlich und finden'' ... (Anton Heinscheidt, Frankfurt am Main). These two volumes contain many illustrated plates from various botanical works for the ''Florilegium novum'' and ''Florilegium and renovatum auctum'' of Johannes Theodorus de Bry (1561–1623) and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1611 In Science
The year 1611 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * February 27 – Sunspots are observed by telescope by Frisian astronomers Johannes Fabricius and David Fabricius and Johannes publishes the results of these observations in ''De Maculis in Sole observatis'' in Wittenberg later this year. Such early discoveries are overlooked however, and the first sighting is claimed a few months later by Galileo Galilei and Christoph Scheiner. Mathematics * Johannes Kepler produces Kepler's conjecture on sphere packing."On the six-cornered snowflake". Technology * Completion of Cordouan lighthouse on the Gironde estuary (designed by Louis de Foix), the first wave-swept light. Births * January 28 – Johannes Hevelius, German astronomer (died 1687) * March 1 – John Pell, English mathematician (died 1685) * Willem Piso, Dutch physician and naturalist (died 1678) * Georg Marcgrave, German naturalist, explorer of Brazil (died 1644) Deaths * August 9 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Willem Piso
Willem Piso (in Dutch Willem Pies, in Latin Gulielmus Piso, also called Guilherme Piso in Portuguese) (1611 in Leiden – 28 November 1678 in Amsterdam) was a Dutch physician and naturalist who participated as an expedition doctor in Dutch Brazil from 1637 – 1644, sponsored by count Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen and the Dutch West India Company. Piso became one of the founders of tropical medicine. Life and career Piso was born in Leiden to church organist Hermann Pies and Cornelia van Liesvelt. He studied in Leiden and received a degree in medicine from Caen in 1633 and settled in Amsterdam as a doctor. In 1637, he was offered a position in the Dutch West India Company as a physician to Count Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen (1604-1679), governor of Dutch Brazil. He left for Brazil along with the astronomer Georg Marcgrave and the painters Albert Eckhout and Frans Post. There, he recommended the consumption of fresh fish, vegetables, and fruits after discoverin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1761 In Science
The year 1761 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy * June 6 – The first transit of Venus since Edmond Halley suggested that its observation could determine the distance from the Earth to the Sun. Joseph-Nicolas Delisle set up a 62-station network for observing the transit. Those taking part included: ** Nathaniel Bliss at the Royal Greenwich Observatory near London ** César Cassini de Thury in Vienna ** Jean-Baptiste Chappe d'Auteroche in Tobolsk, Siberia ** Jeremiah Dixon and Charles Mason in Cape Town, South Africa (they had originally planned to go to Bengcoolen, Sumatra) ** Maximilian Hell in Vardø, Norway ** Joseph de Lalande in Paris ** Tobias Mayer in Göttingen ** Nevil Maskelyne on Saint Helena ** Alexandre Pingré on Rodrigues Island (where he makes the last record of the Rodrigues parrot) ** John Winthrop in St. John's, Newfoundland ** Mikhail Lomonosov, who finds the first evidence that the planet has an atmosphere ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Physician
A physician (American English), medical practitioner (Commonwealth English), medical doctor, or simply doctor, is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through the study, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments. Physicians may focus their practice on certain disease categories, types of patients, and methods of treatment—known as specialities—or they may assume responsibility for the provision of continuing and comprehensive medical care to individuals, families, and communities—known as general practice. Medical practice properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the academic disciplines, such as anatomy and physiology, underlying diseases and their treatment—the ''science'' of medicine—and also a decent competence in its applied practice—the art or ''craft'' of medicine. Both the role of the physician and the meaning ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pierre Fauchard
Pierre Fauchard (January 2, 1679 – March 21, 1761) was a French physician, credited as being the "father of modern dentistry". He is widely known for writing the first complete scientific description of dentistry, ''Le Chirurgien Dentiste'' (''"The Surgeon Dentist"''), published in 1728. The book described basic oral anatomy and function, signs and symptoms of oral pathology, operative methods for removing decay and restoring teeth, periodontal disease (pyorrhea), orthodontics, replacement of missing teeth, and tooth transplantation. Biography Early years Fauchard was born in a very modest home in Saint-Denis-de-Gastines in 1679. In 1693 he joined the French Royal Navy at the age of 15, much to his family's distress, and came under the influence of Alexander Poteleret, a surgeon major, who had spent considerable time studying diseases of the teeth and mouth. During that time, Fauchard learned that sailors who were on long voyages suffered severely from dental ailments, scurv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1754 In Science
The year 1754 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * Immanuel Kant, German philosopher, postulates retardation of Earth's orbit. Chemistry * Joseph Black, Scottish chemist, discovers carbonic acid gas. Earth sciences * Albert Brahms, Frisian Dijkgraaf, begins publication of ''Anfangsgründe der Deich und Wasser-Baukunst'' ("Principles of Dike and Aquatic Engineering") advocating scientific recording of tides. Mathematics * Joshua Kirby publishes the pamphlet ''Dr. Brook Taylor's Method of Perspective made Easy both in Theory and Practice'' containing William Hogarth's ''Satire on False Perspective''. * Lagrange begins to work on the problem of tautochrone. Physics * Václav Prokop Diviš, Czech theologian and natural scientist in the fields of applied electricity, develops a weather-machine. The same year, an electrical conductor devised by him is installed at the Vienna General Hospital. Awards * Copley Medal: William Lewis Births * March ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Meteorologist
A meteorologist is a scientist who studies and works in the field of meteorology aiming to understand or predict Earth's atmospheric phenomena including the weather. Those who study meteorological phenomena are meteorologists in research, while those using mathematical models and knowledge to prepare daily weather forecasts are called ''weather forecasters'' or ''operational meteorologists''. Meteorologists work in government agencies, private consulting and research services, industrial enterprises, utilities, radio and television stations, and in education. They are not to be confused with weather presenters, who present the weather forecast in the media and range in training from journalists having just minimal training in meteorology to full fledged meteorologists. Description Meteorologists study the Earth's atmosphere and its interactions with the Earth's surface, the oceans and the biosphere. Their knowledge of applied mathematics and physics allows them to understand the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cartographer
Cartography (; from grc, χάρτης , "papyrus, sheet of paper, map"; and , "write") is the study and practice of making and using maps. Combining science, aesthetics and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality (or an imagined reality) can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively. The fundamental objectives of traditional cartography are to: * Set the map's agenda and select traits of the object to be mapped. This is the concern of map editing. Traits may be physical, such as roads or land masses, or may be abstract, such as Toponomy, toponyms or political boundaries. * Represent the terrain of the mapped object on flat media. This is the concern of map projections. * Eliminate characteristics of the mapped object that are not relevant to the map's purpose. This is the concern of Cartographic generalization, generalization. * Reduce the complexity of the characteristics that will be mapped. This is also the concern of generaliza ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nicolaas Kruik
Nicolaas Samuelszoon Kruik ( la, Nicolaus Samuelis Cruquius; 2 December 1678, West-Vlieland – 5 February 1754, Spaarndam), also known as Klaas Kruik and Nicolaes Krukius, was a Dutch land surveyor, cartographer, astronomer and weatherman. He is commemorated by the Museum De Cruquius. He was a perfectionist who liked to measure things and he calculated temperature measurements in Fahrenheit from 1706 to 1734. His historical calculations are still used today by the KNMI, the Dutch meteorological institute. He not only measured weather changes in wind speed, rainfall, air pressure, temperature, and humidity, but also measured sea level. His method of visualising planes of water level to illustrate contours of depth (isobaths) in his map of the Merwede (1728) was the first of its kind. He was an advocate of pumping out the Haarlemmermeer (Haarlem lake), which was done a century after his death. Biography He became a surveyor at the age of 19 and began to draw maps, a lucrative j ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
