|
1631 In Science
The year 1631 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * November 7 – Using Kepler's predictions of planetary transits made in 1630, Pierre Gassendi makes the first recorded observation of the transit of Mercury. The observed size of Mercury's disc is significantly smaller than had been expected from Ptolemaic theory. Geology * December 16 – Volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius for the only time this century. Mathematics * William Oughtred publishes ''Clavis Mathematicae'', introducing the multiplication sign (×) and proportion sign (::). * Some of Thomas Harriot's writings on algebra are published posthumously as ''Artis Analyticae Praxis''. Technology * Earliest known bentside spinet, made by Hieronymus de Zentis. Hubbard, Frank (1967). Births * ''approx. date'' ** William Ball, English astronomer (died 1690) ** Richard Lower, English physician, performs first direct blood transfusion (died 1691) Deaths * October 20 – Michael Maestlin, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Science
Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence for scientific reasoning is tens of thousands of years old. The earliest written records in the history of science come from Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages, but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age and later by the efforts of Byzantine Greek scholars who brought Greek ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
English People
The English people are an ethnic group and nation native to England, who speak the English language in England, English language, a West Germanic languages, West Germanic language, and share a common history and culture. The English identity is of History of Anglo-Saxon England, Anglo-Saxon origin, when they were known in Old English as the ('race or tribe of the Angles'). Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Great Britain around the 5th century AD. The English largely descend from two main historical population groups the West Germanic tribes (the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians) who settled in southern Britain following the withdrawal of the Ancient Rome, Romans, and the Romano-British culture, partially Romanised Celtic Britons already living there.Martiniano, R., Caffell, A., Holst, M. et al. Genomic signals of migration and continuity in Britain before the Anglo-Saxons. Nat Commun 7, 10326 (2016). https://doi.org/10 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1554 In Science
The year 1554 CE in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here. Astronomy * Flemish astronomer Johannes Stadius' first published work, ''Ephemerides novae at auctae'', appears in Cologne Biology * Bolognese naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi creates a herbarium. * Flemish herbalist Rembert Dodoens publishes his herbal ''Cruydt-Boeck'' in Antwerp. * The guinea pig is first described in the West by Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner. * French physician Guillaume Rondelet begins publication of ''Libri de piscibus marinis'' in Lyon, a standard work on marine zoology. * Hippolito Salviani begins publication of ''Aquatilium animalium historiae'' in Rome, a foundation of modern ichthyology. * French anatomist Charles Estienne publishes a collection of tracts on agriculture, ''Praedium Rusticum''. Exploration * November – English captain John Lok voyages to Guinea. * French Franciscan voyager André Thévet publishes his account of an embassy to Const ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French People
The French people (french: Français) are an ethnic group and nation primarily located in Western Europe that share a common French culture, history, and language, identified with the country of France. The French people, especially the native speakers of langues d'oïl from northern and central France, are primarily the descendants of Gauls (including the Belgae) and Romans (or Gallo-Romans, western European Celtic and Italic peoples), as well as Germanic peoples such as the Franks, the Visigoths, the Suebi and the Burgundians who settled in Gaul from east of the Rhine after the fall of the Roman Empire, as well as various later waves of lower-level irregular migration that have continued to the present day. The Norse also settled in Normandy in the 10th century and contributed significantly to the ancestry of the Normans. Furthermore, regional ethnic minorities also exist within France that have distinct lineages, languages and cultures such as Bretons in Brittany, Occi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catherine De Parthenay
Catherine de Parthenay (22 March 1554 – 26 October 1631) was a French noblewoman and mathematician. She studied with mathematician François Viète and was considered one of the most brilliant women of the era. She married Charles de Quelennec, and after his death married René II, Viscount of Rohan, a Huguenot. Life Catherine was the heiress to the rich Huguenot Parthenay-Leveque family that originated from the Poitou region. She was the granddaughter of Michelle de Saubonne. At a young age she showed an interest in astrology and astronomy. Following this interest and obvious intellect, her mother sought a tutor for Catherine. Considered the greatest mathematician of his time, Francois Viete was hired by Catherine's mother as her tutor. Francois taught Catherine a slew of subjects such as; geography, current discoveries, cosmographic knowledge, and of course, math, most likely sparking her greater interest in mathematics and shaping her into a mathematician. At a ve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1550 In Science
Medicine * ''approx. date'' – Establishment of St Thomas's Hospital Medical School in London. Technology * Commencement of laying out of gardens at the Villa d'Este, Tivoli, Italy, for Cardinal Ippolito II d'Este with sophisticated hydraulic features designed by Tommaso Chiruchi with Claude Venard. Publications * Gerolamo Cardano publishes his comprehensive survey of the natural sciences, ''De subtilitate'', in Nuremberg. * Giovanni Battista Ramusio begins publication of ''Navigationi et Viaggi'' ("Navigations and Travels"), a collection of explorers' first-hand accounts of their travels, the first work of its kind. Births * September 30 – Michael Maestlin, German astronomer and mathematician (died 1631) * John Napier, Scottish mathematician (died 1617) * Anselmus de Boodt, Flemish mineralogist and physician (died 1632) * Jacques Guillemeau, French surgeon (died 1613) * Ferrante Imperato, Neapolitan natural historian (died 1625) * ''approximate date'' ** Willem Barent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematician
A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems. Mathematicians are concerned with numbers, data, quantity, structure, space, models, and change. History One of the earliest known mathematicians were Thales of Miletus (c. 624–c.546 BC); he has been hailed as the first true mathematician and the first known individual to whom a mathematical discovery has been attributed. He is credited with the first use of deductive reasoning applied to geometry, by deriving four corollaries to Thales' Theorem. The number of known mathematicians grew when Pythagoras of Samos (c. 582–c. 507 BC) established the Pythagorean School, whose doctrine it was that mathematics ruled the universe and whose motto was "All is number". It was the Pythagoreans who coined the term "mathematics", and with whom the study of mathematics for its own sake begins. The first woman mathematician recorded by history was Hypati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
German People
, native_name_lang = de , region1 = , pop1 = 72,650,269 , region2 = , pop2 = 534,000 , region3 = , pop3 = 157,000 3,322,405 , region4 = , pop4 = 21,000 3,000,000 , region5 = , pop5 = 125,000 982,226 , region6 = , pop6 = 900,000 , region7 = , pop7 = 142,000 840,000 , region8 = , pop8 = 9,000 500,000 , region9 = , pop9 = 357,000 , region10 = , pop10 = 310,000 , region11 = , pop11 = 36,000 250,000 , region12 = , pop12 = 25,000 200,000 , region13 = , pop13 = 233,000 , region14 = , pop14 = 211,000 , region15 = , pop15 = 203,000 , region16 = , pop16 = 201,000 , region17 = , pop17 = 101,000 148,00 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michael Maestlin
Michael Maestlin (also Mästlin, Möstlin, or Moestlin) (30 September 1550 – 26 October 1631) was a German astronomer and mathematician, known for being the mentor of Johannes Kepler. He was a student of Philipp Apian and was known as the teacher who most influenced Kepler. Maestlin was considered to be one of the most significant astronomers between the time of Copernicus and Kepler. Early life and family Maestlin was born on September 30, 1550 in Göppingen, a small town in Southern Germany, about 50 kilometers east of Tübingen. The son of Jakob Maestlin and Dorothea Simon, Michael Maestlin was born into a Protestant family. Maestlin had an older sister named Elisabeth and a younger brother named Matthäus. The original family name of the Maestlin was Leckher or Legecker and they lived in the village of Boll, just a few kilometers south of Göppingen (Decker 103). In his autobiography, Maestlin recounts how the family name of Legecker became Mästlin. He claims that one of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1691 In Science
The year 1691 in science and technology involved some significant events. Biology * Italian Jesuit scholar Filippo Bonanni publishes the results of his microscopic observations of invertebrates in ''Observationes circa Viventia, quae in Rebus non-Viventibus''. Mathematics * Gottfried Leibniz discovers the technique of separation of variables for ordinary differential equations. * Michel Rolle invents Rolle's theorem. Medicine * Anton Nuck's ''Adenographia curiosa et uteri foeminei anatome nova'' is published at Leiden, including a description of the canal of Nuck and a demonstration that the embryo is derived from the ovary and not the sperm. Technology * Edmond Halley devises a diving bell. * In music, the "equal temperament scale" used in modern music is developed by organist Andreas Werckmeister. Births * November 18 – Mårten Triewald, Sweden, Swedish mechanical engineer (died 1747 in science, 1747) Deaths * January 17 – Richard Lower (physician), Richard Lower, Engli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blood Transfusion
Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood products into a person's circulation intravenously. Transfusions are used for various medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood. Early transfusions used whole blood, but modern medical practice commonly uses only components of the blood, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, clotting factors and platelets. Red blood cells (RBC) contain hemoglobin, and supply the cells of the body with oxygen. White blood cells are not commonly used during transfusion, but they are part of the immune system, and also fight infections. Plasma is the "yellowish" liquid part of blood, which acts as a buffer, and contains proteins and important substances needed for the body's overall health. Platelets are involved in blood clotting, preventing the body from bleeding. Before these components were known, doctors believed that blood was homogeneous. Because of this scientific misunderstanding, many patients died b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Physician
A physician (American English), medical practitioner (Commonwealth English), medical doctor, or simply doctor, is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through the study, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments. Physicians may focus their practice on certain disease categories, types of patients, and methods of treatment—known as specialities—or they may assume responsibility for the provision of continuing and comprehensive medical care to individuals, families, and communities—known as general practice. Medical practice properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the academic disciplines, such as anatomy and physiology, underlying diseases and their treatment—the ''science'' of medicine—and also a decent competence in its applied practice—the art or ''craft'' of medicine. Both the role of the physician and the meaning ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
