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1546 In Science
The year 1546 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here. Botany * Hieronymus Bock publishes the second, illustrated, edition of his flora of Germany, the ''Kreutterbuch''. Medicine * Antonio Musa Brassavola of Ferrara publishes the first definitely recorded successful tracheostomy. * Valerius Cordus' pharmacopoeia ''Dispensatorium'' published posthumously in Nuremberg. * Girolamo Fracastoro, in his ''De Contagione et Contagiosis Morbis'' (published in Venice), discusses the transmission of infectious diseases and gives the first description of typhus. * Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia describes the stapes bone of the middle ear. Births * December 14 – Tycho Brahe, Danish astronomer (died 1601). * ''date unknown'' ** Thomas Digges, English astronomer (died 1595) ** Heo Jun, Korean physician (died 1615) ** Katharina Kepler, née Guldenmann, German healer and mother of Johannes Kepler (died 1622) * ''approx. date'' – Paul Wittich, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Science
Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence for scientific reasoning is tens of thousands of years old. The earliest written records in the history of science come from Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages, but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age and later by the efforts of Byzantine Greek scholars who brought Greek ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Middle Ear
The middle ear is the portion of the ear medial to the eardrum, and distal to the oval window of the cochlea (of the inner ear). The mammalian middle ear contains three ossicles, which transfer the vibrations of the eardrum into waves in the fluid and membranes of the inner ear. The hollow space of the middle ear is also known as the tympanic cavity and is surrounded by the tympanic part of the temporal bone. The auditory tube (also known as the Eustachian tube or the pharyngotympanic tube) joins the tympanic cavity with the nasal cavity (nasopharynx), allowing pressure to equalize between the middle ear and throat. The primary function of the middle ear is to efficiently transfer acoustic energy from compression waves in air to fluid–membrane waves within the cochlea. Structure Ossicles The middle ear contains three tiny bones known as the ossicles: '' malleus'', '' incus'', and ''stapes''. The ossicles were given their Latin names for their distinctive shapes; they ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler (; ; 27 December 1571 – 15 November 1630) was a German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer, natural philosopher and writer on music. He is a key figure in the 17th-century Scientific Revolution, best known for his laws of planetary motion, and his books ''Astronomia nova'', ''Harmonice Mundi'', and ''Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae''. These works also provided one of the foundations for Newton's theory of universal gravitation. Kepler was a mathematics teacher at a seminary school in Graz, where he became an associate of Prince Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg. Later he became an assistant to the astronomer Tycho Brahe in Prague, and eventually the imperial mathematician to Emperor Rudolf II and his two successors Matthias and Ferdinand II. He also taught mathematics in Linz, and was an adviser to General Wallenstein. Additionally, he did fundamental work in the field of optics, invented an improved version of the refracting (or Keplerian) telescope, an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Katharina Kepler
Katharina Kepler (née: Guldenmann; 1546 – 13 April 1622) was a woman from Stuttgart, Württemberg, who was the mother of the famous astronomer Johannes Kepler. She was accused of witchcraft in 1615, but was defended by her son and released. Life Katharina Kepler was married to Heinrich Kepler and had one daughter and three sons, one of whom was Johannes Kepler. In 1615, a witch trial was initiated by Lutherus Einhorn who in his reign as vogt of the Protestant town of Leonberg (1613 - 1629) accused 15 women of sorcery and executed 8 of them. He acted in accordance with the will of the government and the public, which had asked for an investigation of sorcery, and issued an arrest of Katharina Kepler in 1615. Ursula Reinbold had accused Katharina Kepler of giving her a potion after an argument that had made her sick. Johannes Kepler defended his mother himself, with the assistance of his university in Tübingen. One of his student friends, Christopher Besoldus, assisted her jur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1615 In Science
The year 1615 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * Manuel Dias (Yang MaNuo), a Portuguese Jesuit missionary introduces for the first time in China the telescope in his book ''Tian Wen Lüe'' (''Explicatio Sphaerae Coelestis''). Chemistry * Jean Beguin publishes an edition of his chemistry textbook '' Tyrocinium Chymicum'' including the first-ever chemical equation. Mathematics * Summer – Henry Briggs meets John Napier for the first time in Edinburgh. * Kepler publishes ''Nova Stereometria'' (the first book printed in Linz), a significant work in pre-calculus integration. Natural history * Posthumous publication in Mexico of ''Plantas y Animales de la Nueva Espana, y sus virtudes por Francisco Hernandez, y de Latin en Romance por Fr. Francisco Ximenez''. Physiology and medicine * Helkiah Crooke's ''Mikrokosmographia, a Description of the Body of Man, together with the controversies and figures thereto belonging; collected and translat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Physician
A physician (American English), medical practitioner (Commonwealth English), medical doctor, or simply doctor, is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through the study, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments. Physicians may focus their practice on certain disease categories, types of patients, and methods of treatment—known as specialities—or they may assume responsibility for the provision of continuing and comprehensive medical care to individuals, families, and communities—known as general practice. Medical practice properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the academic disciplines, such as anatomy and physiology, underlying diseases and their treatment—the ''science'' of medicine—and also a decent competence in its applied practice—the art or ''craft'' of medicine. Both the role of the physician and the meaning ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Korea
Korea ( ko, 한국, or , ) is a peninsular region in East Asia. Since 1945, it has been divided at or near the 38th parallel, with North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) comprising its northern half and South Korea (Republic of Korea) comprising its southern half. Korea consists of the Korean Peninsula, Jeju Island, and several minor islands near the peninsula. The peninsula is bordered by China to the northwest and Russia to the northeast. It is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan (East Sea). During the first half of the 1st millennium, Korea was divided between three states, Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla, together known as the Three Kingdoms of Korea. In the second half of the 1st millennium, Silla defeated and conquered Baekje and Goguryeo, leading to the "Unified Silla" period. Meanwhile, Balhae formed in the north, superseding former Goguryeo. Unified Silla eventually collapsed into three separate states due to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heo Jun
Heo Jun (허준, 1539 – 9 October 1615) was a Korean physician. He was the royal chief physician of ''Naeuiwon'' during the reign of King Seonjo and King Gwanghae of the Joseon Dynasty in Korea. Biography Heo Jun was born in 1539 to an affluent military family. He was well educated and financially secure throughout his childhood. Although he belonged to a wealthy and respected household, he is thought to have faced discrimination from his lineage members and other aristocrats because he was born to a concubine. During the Joseon Dynasty ''Korea'', illegitimate children of aristocrats could not maintain their fathers’ ''yangban'' or noble status and instead, were considered chungins. Chungins, or “middle people,” typically referred to technicians and administrators subordinate to yangbans. While Heo’s motivation to pursue medicine is unclear, his social status as a chungin may have prevented him from becoming a civil or military officer like his father. He was appointed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1595 In Science
The year 1595 in science and technology involved some significant events, some of which are listed here. Chemistry * Andreas Libavius publishes ''Opera omnia medico-chymica''. Exploration * July 21 – A Spanish expedition led by Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira makes the first European landing in Polynesia, on the Marquesas Islands. * Sir Walter Raleigh explores Guyana and eastern Venezuela. Mathematics * Bartholomaeus Pitiscus publishes ''Trigonometria: sive de solutione triangulorum tractatus brevis et perspicuus'' in Heidelberg, introducing the term ''trigonometry'' to Western European languages. Medicine * 1595– 1596 – Scipione (Girolamo) Mercurio publishes ("The midwife"), the first text to advocate a Caesarean section on the living in cases of a contracted long pelvis. * A first chair of medicine is created at Uppsala in Sweden. It will remain vacant until the appointment, in 1613 , of . Technology * Hull of first fluyt laid in the Dutch Republic. Births * Jun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
English People
The English people are an ethnic group and nation native to England, who speak the English language in England, English language, a West Germanic languages, West Germanic language, and share a common history and culture. The English identity is of History of Anglo-Saxon England, Anglo-Saxon origin, when they were known in Old English as the ('race or tribe of the Angles'). Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Great Britain around the 5th century AD. The English largely descend from two main historical population groups the West Germanic tribes (the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians) who settled in southern Britain following the withdrawal of the Ancient Rome, Romans, and the Romano-British culture, partially Romanised Celtic Britons already living there.Martiniano, R., Caffell, A., Holst, M. et al. Genomic signals of migration and continuity in Britain before the Anglo-Saxons. Nat Commun 7, 10326 (2016). https://doi.org/10 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thomas Digges
Thomas Digges (; c. 1546 – 24 August 1595) was an English mathematician and astronomer. He was the first to expound the Copernican system in English but discarded the notion of a fixed shell of immoveable stars to postulate infinitely many stars at varying distances. He was also first to postulate the " dark night sky paradox". Life Thomas Digges, born about 1546, was the son of Leonard Digges (c. 1515 – c. 1559), the mathematician and surveyor, and Bridget Wilford, the daughter of Thomas Wilford, esquire, of Hartridge in Cranbrook, Kent, by his first wife, Elizabeth Culpeper, the daughter of Walter Culpeper, esquire. Digges had two brothers, James and Daniel, and three sisters, Mary, who married a man with the surname of Barber; Anne, who married William Digges; and Sarah, whose first husband was surnamed Martin, and whose second husband was John Weston. After the death of his father, Digges grew up under the guardianship of John Dee, a typical Renaissance natural philo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1601 In Science
The year 1601 CE in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed below. Computer science * January 1 – Retrospectively the epoch reference date from which ANSI dates are counted in COBOL and other computer languages, and the base of Windows FILETIME timestamps which are stored as a 63 bit counter, whose last valid timestamp is 30828/9/14 02:48:05.4775807. Exploration * August 26 – Olivier van Noort completes his circumnavigation of the world. Mathematics * Johannes Kepler is appointed imperial mathematician to the Habsburg Empire. Physiology and medicine * Giulio Cesare Casseri publishes a treatise on the anatomy of the vocal and auditory organs in Ferrara. Births * ''possible date'' – Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Worcester, English inventor (d. 1667) Deaths * October 24 – Tycho Brahe, Danish astronomer (b. 1546 Year 1546 (Roman numerals, MDXLVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
