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1531 In Science
The year 1531 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here. Astronomy * Halley's Comet makes its only appearance this century (Perihelion: August 26). Earth sciences * January 26 – Lisbon, Portugal, is hit by an 1531 Lisbon earthquake, earthquake. Technology * Autumn – Kõpu Lighthouse first lit on the Estonian island of Hiiumaa; it will remain in continuous use into the 21st century. Births * June 1 – János Zsámboky, Hungarian physician and scholar (died 1584 in science, 1584) * Agostino Ramelli, Italian engineer (died c. 1600 in science, 1600) Deaths * February 16 – Johannes Stöffler, German mathematician (born 1452) * March 28 − Nicholas Leonicus Thomaeus, Italian scholar an professor of philosophy (born 1456 in science, 1456) * ''prob. date'' – Antonio Pigafetta, Italian circumnavigator (born c. 1491) References {{reflist 1531 in science, 16th century in science 1530s in science ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Science
Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence for scientific reasoning is tens of thousands of years old. The earliest written records in the history of science come from Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages, but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age and later by the efforts of Byzantine Greek scholars who brought Greek ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agostino Ramelli
Agostino Ramelli (1531–ca. 1610) was an Italian engineer best known for writing and illustrating the book of engineering designs ''Le diverse et artificiose machine del Capitano Agostino Ramelli'', which contains, among others, his design for the bookwheel. Ramelli was born in Ponte Tresa or Mesanzena, today in Switzerland. During the Siege of La Rochelle (1572–1573), he successfully engineered a mine under a bastion and breached the fortification,"One Good Turn: A Natural History of the Screwdriver and Screw" Witold Rybczynski p.47 making him popular with his commander, Henri d'Anjou, who later became King Henri III of France. In 1588 Ramelli published ''Le diverse et artificiose machine del Capitano Agostino Ramelli'', or ''The various and ingenious machines of Captain Agostino Ramelli''. The book contains 195 designs, over 100 of which are water-raising machines, such as water pumps or wells.Brashear, RonaldRamelli's Machines Smithsonian Libraries. Other design ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1531 In Science
The year 1531 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here. Astronomy * Halley's Comet makes its only appearance this century (Perihelion: August 26). Earth sciences * January 26 – Lisbon, Portugal, is hit by an 1531 Lisbon earthquake, earthquake. Technology * Autumn – Kõpu Lighthouse first lit on the Estonian island of Hiiumaa; it will remain in continuous use into the 21st century. Births * June 1 – János Zsámboky, Hungarian physician and scholar (died 1584 in science, 1584) * Agostino Ramelli, Italian engineer (died c. 1600 in science, 1600) Deaths * February 16 – Johannes Stöffler, German mathematician (born 1452) * March 28 − Nicholas Leonicus Thomaeus, Italian scholar an professor of philosophy (born 1456 in science, 1456) * ''prob. date'' – Antonio Pigafetta, Italian circumnavigator (born c. 1491) References {{reflist 1531 in science, 16th century in science 1530s in science ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circumnavigator
Circumnavigation is the complete navigation around an entire island, continent, or astronomical body (e.g. a planet or moon). This article focuses on the circumnavigation of Earth. The first recorded circumnavigation of the Earth was the Magellan–Elcano expedition, which sailed from Sanlucar de Barrameda, Spain in 1519 and returned in 1522, after crossing the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. Since the rise of commercial aviation in the late 20th century, circumnavigating Earth is straightforward, usually taking days instead of years. Today, the challenge of circumnavigating Earth has shifted towards human and technological endurance, speed, and less conventional methods. Etymology The word ''circumnavigation'' is a noun formed from the verb ''circumnavigate'', from the past participle of the Latin verb '' circumnavigare'', from ''circum'' "around" + ''navigare'' "to sail" (see further Navigation § Etymology). Definition A person walking completely around either pole ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antonio Pigafetta
Antonio Pigafetta (; – c. 1531) was an Venetian scholar and explorer. He joined the expedition to the Spice Islands led by explorer Ferdinand Magellan under the flag of the emperor Charles V and after Magellan's death in the Philippine Islands, the subsequent voyage around the world. During the expedition, he served as Magellan's assistant and kept an accurate journal, which later assisted him in translating the Cebuano language. It is the first recorded document concerning the language. Pigafetta was one of the 18 men who made the complete trip, returning to Spain in 1522, under the command of Juan Sebastián Elcano, out of the approximately 240 who set out three years earlier. These men completed the first circumnavigation of the world. Others mutinied and returned in the first year. Pigafetta's surviving journal is the source for much of what is known about Magellan and Elcano's voyage. At least one warship of the Italian Navy, a destroyer of the ''Navigatori'' class, wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1456 In Science
Year 1456 ( MCDLVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * May 18 – Second Battle of Oronichea (1456): Ottoman Forces of 15,000 are sent to capture Albania, but are met and swiftly defeated by Skanderbeg's smaller forces. * June 9 – Halley's Comet makes an appearance, as noted by the humanist scholar Platina. * July 7 – A retrial of Joan of Arc acquits her of heresy, 25 years after her execution. * July 22 – Battle of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade): The Hungarians under John Hunyadi rout the Turkish army of Sultan Mehmed II. The noon bell ordered by Pope Callixtus III commemorates the victory throughout the Christian world (and hence is still rung). * August 20 – Vladislav II, reigning Prince of Wallachia, is killed in hand-to-hand combat by Vlad the Impaler, who succeeds him. * October 17 – The University of Greifswald is established, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nicholas Leonicus Thomaeus
Nicholas Leonicus Thomaeus ( it, Niccolò Leonico Tomeo, el, Νικόλαος Λεόνικος Θωμεύς; 1456–1531) was a Venetian scholar and professor of philosophy as well as of Greek and Latin at the University of Padua. Biography Thomaeus was born in Venice, Italy on February 1, 1456, to an Albanian or Greek family from Epirus or Albania. While in Florence, he studied Greek philosophy and literature under the tutelage of Demetrios Chalcondyles. In 1497, the University of Padua appointed Thomaeus as its first official lecturer on the Greek text of Aristotle. In 1504, he was elected to succeed Giorgio Valla as chair of Greek in Venice, but because Thomaeus failed to take the post seriously, he was succeeded in 1512 by Marcus Musurus. In 1524, Thomaeus published a collection of philosophical dialogues in Latin, the first of which was titled ''Trophonius, sive, De divinatione''. He was admired by scholars such as Desiderius Erasmus Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematician
A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems. Mathematicians are concerned with numbers, data, quantity, structure, space, models, and change. History One of the earliest known mathematicians were Thales of Miletus (c. 624–c.546 BC); he has been hailed as the first true mathematician and the first known individual to whom a mathematical discovery has been attributed. He is credited with the first use of deductive reasoning applied to geometry, by deriving four corollaries to Thales' Theorem. The number of known mathematicians grew when Pythagoras of Samos (c. 582–c. 507 BC) established the Pythagorean School, whose doctrine it was that mathematics ruled the universe and whose motto was "All is number". It was the Pythagoreans who coined the term "mathematics", and with whom the study of mathematics for its own sake begins. The first woman mathematician recorded by history was Hypati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johannes Stöffler
Johannes Stöffler (also ''Stöfler, Stoffler, Stoeffler''; 10 December 1452 – 16 February 1531) was a German mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, priest, maker of astronomical instruments and professor at the University of Tübingen. Life Johannes Stöffler was born on 10 December 1452, in Justingen (now part of Schelklingen) on the Swabian Alb. Having received his basic education at the Blaubeuren monastery school, he registered at the newly founded University of Ingolstadt on 21 April 1472, where he was consequently promoted Baccalaureus in September 1473 and Magister in January 1476. After finishing his studies he obtained the parish of Justingen where he, besides his clerical obligations, concerned himself with astronomy, astrology and the making of astronomical instruments, clocks and celestial globes. He conducted a lively correspondence with leading humanists - for example, Johannes Reuchlin, for whom he made an equatorium and wrote horoscopes. In 1499 he predicted t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1600 In Science
The year 1600 CE in science and technology included some significant events. Astronomy * January 1 – Scotland adopts today as being New Year's Day. * February 4 – Johannes Kepler joins Tycho Brahe as his assistant at the castle of Benátky, near Prague. * February 17 – Giordano Bruno is burned at the stake for heresy in Rome. * July – Danish astronomer Longomontanus arrives in Prague, where he works with the Moon orbital theory; he brings the rest of Tycho's astronomical instruments with him. Biology * University of Copenhagen Botanical Garden established. * Olivier de Serres publishes ''Le Théâtre d'Agriculture'' in France. * First recorded use of the word '' Naturalist'' in its modern English sense, in Christopher Sutton's ''Disce Mori''. Earth sciences * February 19 – The Peruvian volcano Huaynaputina erupts catastrophically. This is the largest known volcanic explosion in South America and triggers severe global climatic events including the Russian famine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Engineer
Engineers, as practitioners of engineering, are professionals who invent, design, analyze, build and test machines, complex systems, structures, gadgets and materials to fulfill functional objectives and requirements while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, regulation, safety and cost. "Science is knowledge based on our observed facts and tested truths arranged in an orderly system that can be validated and communicated to other people. Engineering is the creative application of scientific principles used to plan, build, direct, guide, manage, or work on systems to maintain and improve our daily lives." The word ''engineer'' (Latin ) is derived from the Latin words ("to contrive, devise") and ("cleverness"). The foundational qualifications of an engineer typically include a four-year bachelor's degree in an engineering discipline, or in some jurisdictions, a master's degree in an engineering discipline plus four to six years of peer-reviewed professiona ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1584 In Science
The year 1584 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here. Astronomy * Completion of Tycho Brahe's subterranean observatory at Stjerneborg. * Giordano Bruno, in England, publishes hisItalian Dialogues, including the cosmological tracts ''La Cena de le Ceneri'' ("The Ash Wednesday Supper"), ''De la Causa, Principio et Uno'' ("On Cause, Principle and Unity") and ''De l'Infinito Universo et Mondi'' ("On the Infinite Universe and Worlds"). Cartography * Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer publishes the first atlas of nautical charts, ''Spieghel der zeevaerdt'' (''Mariner's Mirror''). * The Italian people, Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci, in Zhaoqing, produces the first Chinese language, Chinese world map, on wood, ''Yudi Shanhai Quantu'' (舆地山海全图). * Abraham Ortelius publishes ''Itinerarium per nonnullas Galliæ Belgicæ partes'' in Antwerp. Exploration * June 4 – Walter Ralegh sends Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe to explore the Outer Banks of Virgi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
