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Šuwala
Shuwala (Šuwala) was a Hurrian goddess who was regarded as the tutelary deity of Mardaman, a Hurrian city in the north of modern Iraq. She was also worshiped in other Hurrian centers, such as Nuzi and Alalakh, as well as in Ur in Mesopotamia, Hattusa in the Hittites, Hittite Empire and in the Syrian cities Emar and Ugarit. An association between her and the goddess Nabarbi is present in many Hurrian documents. It is also assumed that she was an underworld goddess, and she frequently appears alongside other deities of such character, Allani and dU.GUR, possibly a logographic spelling of the name of Nergal. Name Multiple writings of the name are attested: ''šu-a-la'' in documents from Ur from the Third Dynasty of Ur, Ur III period, ''šu-u-wa-a-la'', ''šu-u-wa-la'', ''šu-u-wa-u-la'', ''šu-wa-a-l''a and ''šu-wa-la'' in Hurro-Hittite documents from Hattusa; and ''ṯwl'' in a Hurrian text from Ugarit written in the local Ugaritic alphabet, alphabetic script. The variety of spel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hurrian Religion
The Hurrian religion was the polytheistic religion of the Hurrians, a Bronze Age people of the Near East who chiefly inhabited the north of the Fertile Crescent. While the oldest evidence goes back to the third millennium BCE, is best attested in cuneiform sources from the second millennium BCE written not only in the Hurrian language, but also Akkadian, Hittite and Ugaritic. It was shaped by the contacts between Hurrians and various cultures they coexisted with. As a result, the Hurrian pantheon included both natively Hurrian deities and those of foreign origin, adopted from Mesopotamian, Syrian (chiefly Eblaite and Ugaritic), Anatolian and Elamite beliefs. The culture of the Hurrians were not entirely homogeneous, and different local religious traditions are documented in sources from Hurrian kingdoms such as Arrapha, Kizzuwatna and Mitanni, as well as from cities with sizeable Hurrian populations, such as Ugarit and Alalakh. Hurrian religion was one of the best attested influ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ugur (god)
Ugur or Uqur (dU.GUR) was a god worshiped in various parts of the Ancient Near East. He was connected with the Mesopotamian deity Nergal. Much like him, he was associated with war and death. He was also originally regarded as Nergal's sukkal (attendant deity). Since the logographic writing of his name could be used to represent Nergal, it is a matter of debate which attestations of dU.GUR in texts refer to him. Character Ugur was originally the sukkal of Nergal, though he was replaced in this role by Ishum after the Old Babylonian period. In Mesopotamian sources his name was used to logographically represent the name of Nergal at least from the Middle Babylonian period onward. Volkert Haas regards the origin and meaning of his name as unknown. It has been proposed that it was the imperative form of Akkadian ''nāqaru'', meaning "destroy!" A lexical text explains his name as synonymous with the Akkadian word ''namsaru'', "sword." Wilfred G. Lambert proposed that he was imagi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Allani
Allani, also known under the Akkadian name Allatu (or Allatum) was the Hurrian goddess of the underworld, incorporated into Hittite and Mesopotamian pantheons as well. Name and epithets The name Allani is derived from a Hurrian word meaning "lady." Giving gods simple epithet-like names like Allani or Shaushka ("the great") was common in Hurrian culture. In 1980 Wilfred G. Lambert proposed that Allatum, who he understood as the same deity as Ereshkigal in origin, was in origin the feminine counterpart, and possibly wife, of the minor Sumerian underworld god Alla. Alla was worshiped in Esagi, a settlement whose location remains unknown, and he is also attested as the sukkal (attendant deity) of Ningishzida. However, Gernot Wilhelm already noted in 1989 that no convincing Akkadian etymology has been proposed for the name Allatum, and it is now agreed that it was a derivative of Allani. In Emar, an ancient city in Syria, both the spellings Allani and Allatu were used. Allani ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mardaman
Mardaman (modern Bassetki) was a northern Mesopotamian city that existed between ca.2200 and 1200 BC. It was uncovered in 2018 after translation of 92 cuneiform tablets. The tablets were discovered in summer 2017, near the Kurdish village of Bassetki, by a team of archaeologists. The team hailed from Tübingen's Institute for Ancient Near Eastern Studies, and were led by Prof. Dr. Peter Pfälzner of the University of Tübingen. History The city was continuously occupied between 3000 and 600 BC, but the earliest reference dates to the reign of Naram-Sin of Akkad, the son of Manishtushu. The city joined under its ruler Duhsusu in the "Great Revolt" against the third Akkadian king. The city was destroyed, but was later rebuilt and is mentioned by sources from the Third Dynasty of Ur in around 2100 -2000 BC as an important city on Mesopotamia's northern border. The city was then the center of a kingdom, and was captured by Shamshi-Adad I in 1786. After his fall, the city became an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Resheph
Resheph (also Reshef and many other variants, see below; phn, 𐤓𐤔𐤐, ''ršp''; Eblaite ''Rašap'', Egyptian ') was a deity associated with plague (or a personification of plague), either war or strong protection, and sometimes thunder in ancient Canaanite religion. The originally Eblaite and Canaanite god was then more famously adopted into ancient Egyptian religion in the late Bronze Age during the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt (late fifteenth century BC), also becoming associated with horses and chariots. In Biblical Hebrew, ''resheph'' is a noun interpreted as "flame, lightning" but also "burning fever, plague, pestilence". Etymology Resheph is known by a multitude of names, including Rahshaf, Rasap, Rashap, Resep, Reshef, Reshpu, Rapha, Repheth, and others that are not standardized. Ebla The name is found in third millennium BCE tablets from Ebla, as ''Rašap'' (''Ra-ša-ap''), listed as divinity of the cities of Atanni, Gunu, Tunip, and Shechem. Rasap wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ninatta And Kulitta
Ninatta and Kulitta were two goddesses always invoked together who were the handmaidens of the Hurrian goddess Shaushka, the Hurrian counterpart of Mesopotamian Ishtar. Functions Ninatta and Kulitta were regarded as divine musicians. In a myth known as ''Song of Ḫedammu'', part of the so-called Kumarbi Cycle, they assist their mistress during her attempt at subduing the eponymous monster with a love potion. The origin of their names is unknown, though it has been proposed that Kulitta's name might have Anatolian etymology and that Ninatta's might be derived from the place name Ninêt (''Ni-ne-etki'') or Nenit (''Ne-en-itki'') known from documents from Mari and Tell al-Rimah, possibly an Amorite spelling of Nineveh. Occasional references to a goddess called "Ishtar of Ninêt" are known from these locations, and Joan Goodnick Westenholz tentatively connects her with Shaushka, Ishtar of Nineveh and Ninatta, though she states it is presently not possible to ascertain the relation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hutena And Hutellura
Hutena and Hutellura (also spelled Hudena and Hudellura; ''ḫdn ḫdlr'' in alphabetic Ugaritic texts) were goddesses of fate and divine midwives in Hurrian mythology. Number An unresolved problem in scholarship is the number of goddesses referred to with the names "Hutena and Hutellura." Piotr Taracha notes that only two figures depicted on the Yazılıkaya reliefs are labeled as such, but at the same the names appear to be plural. However, he also notes that based on equations in god lists the name Hutellura seemed to refer to a singular goddess, corresponding to Mesopotamian Ninmah, Nintu or Aruru. He concludes that it can be assumed they were a pair worshiped together, like Ninatta and Kulitta or Ishara and Allani. Alfonso Archi assumes that the development of Hutena and Hutellura in Hurrian religion was influenced by the Syrian midwife goddesses, known as Kotharāt in Ugarit or Kûšarātum in Mari (both derived from the Semitic root ''kšr'', "to be skilled"), who wer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khabur (Tigris)
The Khabur or Little Khabur ( ku, Xabûr, ''Ava Xabûr'' or ''Xabîr'', tr, Habur, ''Khabir'' or ''Habur Suyu'' (''Habur Water'')) is a river that rises in Turkey and flows through Iraq to join the Tigris at the tripoint of Turkey, Iraq and Syria. The river originates in the Uludere District in Turkey and emerges from a number of small rivers flowing off the Taurus Mountains, to the south-east of Hakkâri. From there, it generally flows south, crossing the Turkish-Iraqi border into Iraqi Kurdistan before turning west toward the Tigris. Zakho is an important town along the river, where the ancient Delal Bridge crosses the river. A few kilometres west of Zakho, the Little Khabur is joined by its main tributary the Hezil Suyu (or Nizil river or Hezil Çayı), which forms part of the border between Iraq and Turkey. From there onward the Little Khabur river forms the border for around 20 km to the Tigris and is also called (and often mistaken with) the Hezil Suyu. See also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nupatik
Nupatik, also known as Lubadag, was a Hurrian god of uncertain character. He is attested in the earliest inscriptions from Urkesh, as well as in texts from many other Hurrian settlements, and possibly continued to be worshiped as late as in the neo-Assyrian period. However, his functions remain uncertain. Name Nupatik s name is attested for the first time inscriptions of Hurrian king Tish-atal of Urkesh, where it is spelled syllabically as ''dLu-ba-da-ga'', rather than logographically, like these of other Hurrian gods in the same inscription. Numerous spellings of the name are known, including ''dNu-pa-ti-ik'', ''dLu-pa-ki-ta'', ''dNu-ú-pa-ti-ga'', ''dNu-pa-da-ak'', and more. He is also present in Hurrian texts from Ugarit, where his name is spelled in the local alphabetic script as ''nbdg'' (𐎐𐎁𐎄𐎂). Both the meaning and origin of his name are unknown. Character and attributes Nupatik was one of the "pan-Hurrian" gods, and as such was worshiped by various Hurrian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kumarbi
Kumarbi was an important god of the Hurrians, regarded as "the father of gods." He was also a member of the Hittite pantheon. According to Hurrian myths, he was a son of Alalu, and one of the parents of the storm-god Teshub, the other being Anu (the Mesopotamian sky god). His cult city was Urkesh. Syncretism God lists from Ugarit equate Kumarbi with the Mesopotamian Enlil and the local El; other sources equate him with the Syrian Dagan as well, and he was even called "the Dagan of the Hurrians." It's also been proposed that a Hurro-Akkadian god list from Emar equates Ishtaran with him for uncertain reasons. Due to particularly close syncretism between Dagan and Kumarbi due to their shared role as "fathers of gods" in Syria, Dagan's wife Shalash was also viewed as his spouse, though he has other consorts in myths: an unnamed mortal woman and Sertapsuruhi, daughter of the sea god. Kumarbi cycle Kumarbi is known from a number of mythological texts, sometimes summarized unde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ḫepat
Ḫebat ( xhu, 𒀭𒄭𒁁, ), also transcribed Khepat, was the mother goddess of the Hurrians, known as "the mother of all living". She was a popular deity, and her name appears in many Theophoric name, theophoric personal names. A king of Jerusalem mentioned in the Amarna letters was named Abdi-Heba, possibly meaning "Servant of Ḫepat". Origin Alfonso Archi assumes that her Hurrian name was derived from an earlier form known from Ebla: d''Ha-a-ba-du'', "she of Halab," already associated with a weather god (the Semitic Hadda rather than Hurrian Teshub) in some offering lists. Mythical family and associated deities Hurrians, who incorporated a number of preexisting Syrian deities into their own pantheon, regarded their head god Teshub as Hebat's husband. The mountain god Sarruma, already part of her circle in earlier times, was reinterpeted as their son as a result, and in cult he functioned as a dyad with his mother. They also had a daughter, Alanzu. Lluís Feliu in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Šuwaliyat
Šuwaliyat is a Hittite god. His Hurrian correspondence is Tasmisu. Šuwaliyat is the brother of the most important Hittite god Tarḫunna. In the Hurritian-Hittite "Ullikummi song" Šuwaliyat seems to be the wind or storm traveling around with weather god Tarḫunna. He is also the vizier and older brother of Tarḫunna. The other sibling of Šuwaliyat is Aranzah, the river Tigris. In Hurrian-Hittite mythology he visits the goddess Lelwani in underworld together with Tarḫunna. Literature * Volkert Haas Volkert may refer to: People *Edward Charles Volkert (1871–1935), American painter *Georg Volkert (1945–2020), German footballer * Stephan Volkert (born 1971), German rower *Volkert Doeksen (born 1963), Dutch money manager *Volkert van der Graa ...: ''Die hethitische Literatur'', Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin 2006, pages 132, 136, 150, 178 and 180, {{ISBN, 978-3-11-018877-6 Hittite deities Hittite mythology ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
