échiquier De Normandie
The Exchequer of Normandy (''Échiquier de Normandie'') or Exchequer of Rouen (''Échiquier de Rouen'') was the fiscal and administrative court of the Duchy of Normandy until the early 16th century. Surviving records show that the Exchequer of Normandy was operating in 1180, while the English Exchequer existed in 1110. No establishment date is known for either and therefore it is impossible to know which existed first. The ''Dialogue concerning the Exchequer'' presents it as a general belief that the Norman kings established the English Exchequer loosely modelled on the Norman one, while noting with some doubt an alternative view that an English Exchequer existed in Anglo-Saxon times. In 1315 the Norman Barons pressed a new charter, the "Charte aux Normands", on Louis X of France, with the result that the decisions of the Exchequer of Normandy were declared final, meaning that Paris could not overturn decisions made in Rouen, and that the King could not raise a new tax on the Nor ...
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Saint-Malo
Saint-Malo (, , ; Gallo: ; ) is a historic French port in Ille-et-Vilaine, Brittany, on the English Channel coast. The walled city had a long history of piracy, earning much wealth from local extortion and overseas adventures. In 1944, the Allies heavily bombarded Saint-Malo, which was garrisoned by German troops. The city changed into a popular tourist centre, with a ferry terminal serving the Channel Islands of Jersey and Guernsey, as well as the Southern English settlements of Portsmouth, Hampshire and Poole, Dorset. The famous transatlantic single-handed yacht race Route du Rhum, which takes place every four years in November, is between Saint Malo and Pointe-à-Pitre in Guadeloupe. Population The population in 2017 was 46,097 – though this can increase to up to 300,000 in the summer tourist season. With the suburbs included, the metropolitan area's population is approximately 133,000 (2017). The population of the commune more than doubled in 1967 with the merging ...
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Louis XII De France
Louis may refer to: * Louis (coin) * Louis (given name), origin and several individuals with this name * Louis (surname) * Louis (singer), Serbian singer * HMS ''Louis'', two ships of the Royal Navy See also Derived or associated terms * Lewis (other) * Louie (other) * Luis (other) * Louise (other) * Louisville (other) * Louis Cruise Lines * Louis dressing, for salad * Louis Quinze, design style Associated names * * Chlodwig, the origin of the name Ludwig, which is translated to English as "Louis" * Ladislav and László - names sometimes erroneously associated with "Louis" * Ludovic, Ludwig, Ludwick, Ludwik Ludwik () is a Polish given name. Notable people with the name include: * Ludwik Czyżewski, Polish WWII general * Ludwik Fleck (1896–1961), Polish medical doctor and biologist * Ludwik Gintel (1899–1973), Polish-Israeli Olympic soccer player ...

1498
Year 1498 (Roman numerals, MCDXCVIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1498th year of the Common Era (CE) and ''Anno Domini'' (AD) designations, the 498th year of the 2nd millennium, the 98th year of the 15th century, and the 9th and pre-final year of the 1490s decade. Events January–December * February – Portuguese Empire, Portuguese explorer Vasco Da Gama reaches Malindi, in modern-day Kenya. * March 2 – Vasco da Gama visits Quelimane and Mozambique, in southeastern Africa. * May ** John Cabot leaves Bristol on an expedition, never to be seen again. ** The English Company of Merchant Adventurers of London, Merchant Adventurers are granted a trade monopoly with the Habsburg Netherlands, Netherlands. * May 20 – Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama arrives at History of Kozhikode, Calicut (modern-day Kozhikode), India, becoming the first European to get there by sailing around Africa, ...
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1317
Year 1317 ( MCCCXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events December * December 10Р11 РKing Birger of Sweden has his brothers, Dukes Eric and Valdemar, captured and thrown into a dungeon during the Nyk̦ping Banquet, as a revenge for their imprisonment of him in the H̴tuna games in 1306. As the dukes soon starve to death in the dungeon, their followers rebel against the king, throwing Sweden into civil war, in which the king is deposed in 1318. Date unknown * The Great Famine of 1315-1317 comes to an end. * Pope John XXII erects the dioceses of Lṳon, Maillezais, and Tulle and issues the decretal ''Spondent Pariter'' prohibiting alchemy, but not chemistry (which John himself had studied). * A Hungarian document mentions for the first time Basarab as leader of Wallachia (historians estimate he was on the throne since about 1310). Basarab will become the first voivode of Wallachia as an ...
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1302
Year 1302 ( MCCCII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * Spring – Co-Emperor Michael IX (Palaiologos) launches a campaign which reaches south up to Magnesia on the Maeander (near Ephesus). He seeks to confront the Turkish forces, but is dissuaded by his generals. In the meantime, the Turks resume their raids, isolating Michael at Magnesia. His army is dissolved without a battle, as the local forces are left behind to defend their homes. The Alans (Byzantine mercenaries) too leave, to rejoin their families in Thrace. Michael is forced to withdraw by the sea, followed by another wave of refugees. * July 27 – Battle of Bapheus: To counter the Turkish threat at Nicomedia, Emperor Andronikos II (Palaiologos) sends a Byzantine force (some 2,000 men) to cross over the Bosporus to relieve the city. On the plain, Turkish forces (some 5,000 light cavalry) led by Sultan ...
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1450
Year 1450 ( MCDL) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * February 7 – John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk, marries Lady Margaret Beaufort. * February 26 – Francesco Sforza enters Milan after a siege, becoming Duke of the city-state, and founding a dynasty that will rule Milan for a century. * March – French troops under Guy de Richemont besiege the English commander in France, Edmund Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, in Caen. * April 15 – Battle of Formigny: French troops under the Comte de Clermont defeat an English army under Sir Thomas Kyriel and Sir Matthew Gough, which was attempting to relieve Caen. * May 8 – Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen revolt against King Henry VI of England. * May 9 – Abdal-Latif Mirza, a Timurid dynasty monarch, is assassinated. * May 13 – Charles VIII of Sweden, also serving as Carl I of Norway, is ...
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1415
Year 1415 ( MCDXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * April 30 – Frederick I becomes Elector of Brandenburg. * June 5 – The Council of Constance condemns the writings of John Wycliffe and asks Jan Hus to recant in public his heresy; after his denial, he is tried for heresy, excommunicated, then sentenced to be burned at the stake. * July 4 – Pope Gregory XII officially opens the Council of Constance, and then abdicates. He is the last pope to resign, until Pope Benedict XVI in 2013. * July 6 – Jan Hus is burned at the stake in Konstanz. * July 31 – Henry V of England is informed of the Southampton Plot against him; he has the leaders arrested and executed, before invading France. * August 21 – Conquest of Ceuta: Portugal conquers the city of Ceuta from the Moors, initiating the Portuguese Empire, and European expansion and colonialism. * Octo ...
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Falaise
Falaise may refer to: Places * Falaise, Ardennes, France * Falaise, Calvados, France ** The Falaise pocket was the site of a battle in the Second World War * La Falaise, in the Yvelines ''département'', France * The Falaise escarpment in Quebec City, Canada * Falaise, Harry Guggenheim's Sands Point home Other * Treaty of Falaise The Treaty of Falaise was a forced written agreement made in December 1174 between the captive William I, King of Scots, and Henry II, King of England. During the Revolt of 1173-1174, William joined the rebels and was captured at the Battle of ...

Château De Rouen
Rouen Castle (''Château Bouvreuil'') was a fortified ducal and royal residence in the city of Rouen, capital of the duchy of Normandy, now in France. With the exception of the tower wrongly associated with Joan of Arc, which was restored by Viollet-le-Duc, the castle was destroyed at the end of the 16th century, its stones quarried for other construction. History The castle was built by Philip II of France from 1204 to 1210 following his capture of the duchy from John, Duke of Normandy and King of England. Located outside the medieval town to its north, in a dominant position, it played a military role in the Hundred Years' War and the Wars of Religion. It was the main seat of power, administration and politics in the duchy of Normandy for nearly 400 years, symbolically replacing the ducal palace of Rouen in these roles – of the bailliage and vicomté of the king of France, of the English government of the area (1418–1449), of the échiquier de Normandie (which became the ...
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Philippe IV De France
Philippe is a masculine sometimes feminin given name, cognate to Philip. It may refer to: * Philippe of Belgium (born 1960), King of the Belgians (2013–present) * Philippe (footballer) (born 2000), Brazilian footballer * Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders, father to Albert I of Belgium * Philippe d'Orléans (other), multiple people * Philippe A. Autexier (1954–1998), French music historian * Philippe Blain, French volleyball player and coach * Philippe Najib Boulos (1902–1979), Lebanese lawyer and politician * Philippe Coutinho, Brazilian footballer * Philippe Daverio (1949–2020), Italian art historian * Philippe Dubuisson-Lebon, Canadian football player * Philippe Ginestet (born 1954), French billionaire businessman, founder of GiFi * Philippe Gilbert, Belgian bicycle racer * Philippe Petit, French performer and tightrope artist * Philippe Petitcolin (born 1952/53), French businessman, CEO of Safran * Philippe Russo, French singer * Philippe Sella, French rugby pla ...
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Sénéchal
Senechal or Sénéchal may refer to: People * Florian Sénéchal, French racing cyclist * Marjorie Senechal (née Wikler), American mathematician and historian of science * Michel Sénéchal, French tenor * Robert Sénéchal, French industrialist/motor manufacturer, racing driver and pilot * Sean Senechal, American futurist * Le Sénéchal de Kerkado, French composer Other uses * Sénéchal (automobile) See also * Seneschal The word ''seneschal'' () can have several different meanings, all of which reflect certain types of supervising or administering in a historic context. Most commonly, a seneschal was a senior position filled by a court appointment within a royal, ...