Échevin (other)
Échevin, also anglicized as eschevin, may refer to: * Échevin (Belgium), a municipal office in present-day Belgium, usually known in English by its Dutch name ''schepen'' * , a municipal office in medieval and early modern northern France * Échevin (Luxembourg), a municipal office in present-day Luxembourg See also * Capitoul, the equivalent office in the city of Toulouse, France * Consul, the equivalent office in most of southern France and Catalonia * Jurat, the equivalent office in Bourdeaux, France * Scabinus (other) Scabinus, sometimes translated as alderman or assessor, was a medieval and early modern municipal office in Continental Europe. It continued into the present day under a variety of vernacular names: * échevin or eschevin in French * scabino ...

Échevin (Belgium)
A schepen (Dutch; . ') or échevin (French) or Schöffe (German) is a municipal officer in Belgium and formerly the Netherlands. It has been replaced by the ' in the Netherlands (a municipal executive). In modern Belgium, the ''schepen'' or ''échevin'' is part of the municipal government. Depending on the context, it may be roughly translated as an alderman, councillor, or magistrate. Name The Dutch word ''schepen'' comes from the Old Saxon word ''scepino'' 'judge' and is related to German ''Schöffe'' 'lay magistrate'. In early Medieval Latin used in France, it was ''scabinus''. Originally, the word referred to member of a council of "deciders" – literally, "judgment finders" (''oordeelvinders'') – that sat at a mandatory public assembly called a ''ding'' ("thing" in English). Their judgments originally required ratification by a majority of the people present. Later, mandatory attendance (''dingplicht'') and ratification were no longer required. Belgium In Flanders, ...
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Échevin (Luxembourg)
An ''échevin'' ( lb, Schäffe; german: Schöffe), sometimes translated as alderman, is a member of the administration of a Luxembourgian commune. Together, they form the ''collège échevinal'' (german: Schöffenrat), which helps the mayor run the administration. In most communes, ''échevins'' have designated roles within the administration, adopting separate briefs as in a cabinet. ''Échevins'' are elected by the commune's council, and represent the make-up of the governing coalition. Formally, ''échevins'' of cities are named by the Grand Duke, whilst those of other communes are named by the Minister for the Interior. ''Échevins'' must be members of the communal council and hold Luxembourgian nationality. Most communes have two ''échevins'', but more-populous ones are allowed more if granted that right by Grand Ducal decree: communes with 10,000 to 19,999 inhabitants may have 3 ''échevins'', communes with 20,000 or more may have 4 ''échevins'', and Luxembourg City ...
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Capitoul
The ''capitouls'', sometimes anglicized as ''capitols'', were the chief magistrates of the commune of Toulouse, France, during the late Middle Ages and early Modern period. Their council and rule was known as the ''Capitoulate'' (french: capitoulat). They were suppressed in 1789 amid the French Revolution. Name The officials were originally known as consuls () but were christened "capitouls" in 1295 as part of an effort to connect Toulouse with the greatness of such cities as Rome, Constantinople, and Jerusalem. Rival councils In addition to the Capitoulate, Toulouse housed the rival Parliament, General Council, Town Council, and Council of Sixteen. Each included the reigning capitouls, but only as associate or junior members. The Parliament of Toulouse (''french: parlement de Toulouse'') was established by King Charles VII in 1420. and put on a permanent basis in 1444. It was nominally restricted to the nobility, although positions could be purchased via an annual ...
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Consul
Consul (abbrev. ''cos.''; Latin plural ''consules'') was the title of one of the two chief magistrates of the Roman Republic, and subsequently also an important title under the Roman Empire. The title was used in other European city-states through antiquity and the Middle Ages, in particular in the Republics of Genoa and Pisa, then revived in modern states, notably in the First French Republic. The related adjective is consular, from the Latin ''consularis''. This usage contrasts with modern terminology, where a consul is a type of diplomat. Roman consul A consul held the highest elected political office of the Roman Republic (509 to 27 BC), and ancient Romans considered the consulship the highest level of the ''cursus honorum'' (an ascending sequence of public offices to which politicians aspired). Consuls were elected to office and held power for one year. There were always two consuls in power at any time. Other uses in antiquity Private sphere It was not uncommon for an ...
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Jurat
The ''jurats'' () are lay people in Guernsey and Jersey who act as judges of fact rather than law, though they preside over land conveyances and liquor licensing. In Alderney, however, the jurats are judges of both fact and law (assisted by their learned clerk) in both civil and criminal matters. Etymology The term derives from the Latin ''iūrātus'', "sworn an. History Under the ''Ancien Régime'' in France, in several towns, of the south-west, such as La Rochelle and Bordeaux, the jurats were members of the municipal body. The title was also borne by officials, corresponding to aldermen, in the Cinque Ports, but is now chiefly used as a title of office in the Channel Islands. There are two bodies, consisting each of twelve jurats, for the Bailiwicks of Jersey and of Guernsey respectively. They form, with the bailiff as presiding judge, the Royal Court in each Bailiwick. In Guernsey and Jersey, the jurats, as lay people, are judges of fact rather than law, though they pre ...
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