Plasmodiophoromycota
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Plasmodiophoromycota
The plasmodiophores (also known as plasmophorids or plasmodiophorids) are a group of obligate endoparasitic protists belonging to the subphylum Endomyxa in Cercozoa. Taxonomically, they are united under a single family Plasmodiophoridae, order Plasmodiophorida, sister to the phagomyxids. Ecology and pathology Plasmodiophores are pathogenic for a wide range of organisms, but mainly green plants. The more commonly recognized are agents of plant diseases such as clubroot, powdery scab and crook root of watercress, or vectors for viruses that infect beets, peanut, monocots and potatoes, such as the potato mop-top virus or the beet necrotic yellow vein virus. Taxonomy History The plasmodiophores have historically been regarded as Fungi. The first description of plasmodiophores as a taxonomic group was in 1885 by Zopf, who united two genera '' Plasmodiophora'' and '' Tetramyxa'' in a common family “Plasmodiophoreæ”, inside the group “Monadineæ”, as part of the division ...
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Plasmodiophora
''Plasmodiophora'' is a genus in the phylum of cercozoa in the class Phytomyxea. It includes the species ''Plasmodiophora brassicae'', which causes the disease cabbage clubroot Clubroot is a common disease of cabbages, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, radishes, turnips, stocks, wallflowers and other plants of the family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). It is caused by ''Plasmodiophora brassicae'', which was once co .... References External links Tree of LifePlasmodiophorida Cercozoa genera Plasmodiophorid genera Parasitic rhizaria Parasites of plants {{Cercozoa-stub ...
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Phagomyxid
Phagomyxids are a group of obligate endoparasitic protists belonging to the subphylum Endomyxa in Cercozoa. Taxonomically, they are united under a single family Phagomyxidae, order Phagomyxida, sister to the plasmodiophores. Ecology Phagomyxids are mainly parasites of brown algae, but some can parasite oomycetes. Taxonomy The group was created in 1993 by Cavalier-Smith, when it contained only the genus '' Phagomyxa''. Since then, ''Maullinia'', a genus previously in Plasmodiophoridae, has joined the phagomyxids. * '' Phagomyxa'' * ''Maullinia ''Maullinia'' is a genus of intracellular, protistan parasites that infect brown algae (Phaeophyceae). Distribution ''Maullinia'' has been found in brown macroalgae across the Southern Hemisphere, including Chile, the Falkland Islands, Australia ...'' References {{Taxonbar, from=Q21223249 Cercozoa families Cercozoa orders Endomyxa ...
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Friedrich Wilhelm Zopf
Friedrich (or Friederich) Wilhelm Zopf (12 December 1846 – 24 June 1909) was a well-known German botanist and mycologist. He dedicated to his whole life with fungal biology, particularly in classification of fungi and dye production in fungi and lichens. Besides, his textbook on fungi called “Die pilze in morphologischer, physiologischer, biologischer und systematischer beziehung (Translation: The mushrooms in morphological, physiological, biological and systematic relationship)” in 1890 was also an outstanding work on the subject for many decades. The unicellular achlorophic microalgae '' Prototheca zopfii'' is named after him because of his profound suggestions and contributions to Krüger's pioneering work in '' Prototheca''. Thus, his numerous contributions gave him a special status in mycological history. Early life Wilhelm Zopf was born in Roßleben in Thuringia in 1846. Before going into biological science area, he has been an elementary school teacher in Thondorf ...
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Fungi
A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from the other eukaryotic kingdoms, which by one traditional classification include Plantae, Animalia, Protozoa, and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the ''Eumycota'' (''t ...
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Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus
Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) is a plant virus, transmitted by the plasmodiophorid '' Polymyxa betae.'' The BNYVV is a member of the genus '' Benyvirus'' and is responsible for rhizomania, a disease of sugar beet (Rhizo: root; Mania: madness) that causes proliferation of thin rootlets, and leads to a smaller tap root with reduced sugar content. Infected plants are less able to take up water, and wilting can be observed during the warm period of the year. If the infection spreads to the whole plant, vein yellowing, necrosis and yellow spots appear on the leaves, giving the virus its name. Hosts and symptoms BNYVV Infects all of the following species: ''Beta vulgaris'' (beetroot), ''Beta vulgaris var. cicla'', ''Beta vulgaris var. rubra'', ''Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera'' (sugarbeet), ''Chamomilla recutita'' (common chamomile), ''Chenopodium'' (Goosefoot), ''Chenopodium quinoa'' (quinoa), ''Cichorium intybus'' (chicory), ''Cirsium arvense'' (creeping thistle), ''Co ...
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Potato Mop-top Virus
''Potato mop-top virus (PMTV)'' is a plant pathogenic virus transmitted through the vector ''Spongospora subterranea'' that affects potatoes. PMTV belongs to family of ''Virgaviridae'', and the genus ''Pomovirus'' (Potato mop-top virus). The virus was first identified in 1966 by Calvert and Harrison in Britain, and is now reported in many other potato cultivating regions of the world including U.S.A., Canada, China, Pakistan, Japan, South American countries and many parts of Europe. Many disease management systems have been found to be ineffective against the virus, although a combination of sanitation and vector controls seems to work well. Hosts and symptoms As the name implies, the main host is potato; however, this virus also affects some common vegetable plants and weeds. Some of them include tomato, black nightshade, lambsquarters and ground cherry. The potato mop top virus' primary hosts are plants in the Solanaceae and Chenopodiaceae. Potatoes that are infected by PMTV g ...
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Potatoes
The potato is a starchy food, a tuber of the plant ''Solanum tuberosum'' and is a root vegetable native to the Americas. The plant is a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae. Wild potato species can be found from the southern United States to southern Chile. The potato was originally believed to have been domesticated by Native Americans independently in multiple locations,University of Wisconsin-Madison, ''Finding rewrites the evolutionary history of the origin of potatoes'' (2005/ref> but later genetic studies traced a single origin, in the area of present-day southern Peru and extreme northwestern Bolivia. Potatoes were domesticated there approximately 7,000–10,000 years ago, from a species in the '' Solanum brevicaule'' complex. Lay summary: In the Andes region of South America, where the species is indigenous, some close relatives of the potato are cultivated. Potatoes were introduced to Europe from the Americas by the Spanish in the second half of the 16 ...
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Monocots
Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, ( Lilianae '' sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. They constitute one of the major groups into which the flowering plants have traditionally been divided; the rest of the flowering plants have two cotyledons and are classified as dicotyledons, or dicots. Monocotyledons have almost always been recognized as a group, but with various taxonomic ranks and under several different names. The APG III system of 2009 recognises a clade called "monocots" but does not assign it to a taxonomic rank. The monocotyledons include about 60,000 species, about a quarter of all angiosperms. The largest family in this group (and in the flowering plants as a whole) by number of species are the orchids (family Orchidaceae), with more than 20,000 species. About half as many species belong to the true grasses (Poaceae), which are eco ...
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Peanut
The peanut (''Arachis hypogaea''), also known as the groundnut, goober (US), pindar (US) or monkey nut (UK), is a legume crop grown mainly for its edible seeds. It is widely grown in the tropics and subtropics, important to both small and large commercial producers. It is classified as both a grain legume and, due to its high oil content, an oil crop. World annual production of shelled peanuts was 44 million tonnes in 2016, led by China with 38% of the world total. Atypically among legume crop plants, peanut pods develop underground (geocarpy) rather than above ground. With this characteristic in mind, the botanist Carl Linnaeus gave peanuts the specific epithet ''hypogaea'', which means "under the earth." The peanut belongs to the botanical family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae), commonly known as the legume, bean, or pea family. Like most other legumes, peanuts harbor symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules. The capacity to fix nitrogen means peanuts require less ...
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Beets
The beetroot is the taproot portion of a beet plant, usually known in North America as beets while the vegetable is referred to as beetroot in British English, and also known as the table beet, garden beet, red beet, dinner beet or golden beet. It is one of several cultivated varieties of ''Beta vulgaris'' grown for their edible taproots and leaves (called beet greens); they have been classified as ''B. vulgaris'' subsp. ''vulgaris'' Conditiva Group. Other cultivars of the same species include the sugar beet, the leaf vegetable known as chard or spinach beet, and mangelwurzel, which is a fodder crop. Three subspecies are typically recognized. Etymology ''Beta'' is the ancient Latin name for beetroot,Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. (hardback), (paperback). pp 70 possibly of Celtic origin, becoming ''bete'' in Old English. ''Root'' derives from the late Old English ''rōt'', itself from Old Norse ''rót''. History The domesticati ...
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Viruses
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898,Dimmock p. 4 more than 9,000 virus species have been described in detail of the millions of types of viruses in the environment. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity. The study of viruses is known as virology, a subspeciality of microbiology. When infected, a host cell is often forced to rapidly produce thousands of copies of the original virus. When not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell, viruses exist in the form of independent particles, or ''virions'', consisting of (i) the genetic material ...
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Crook Root Of Watercress
Crook is another name for criminal. Crook or Crooks may also refer to: Places * Crook, County Durham, England, a town * Crook, Cumbria, England, village and civil parish * Crook Hill, Derbyshire, England * Crook, Colorado, United States, a Statutory Town * Crook Township, Hamilton County, Illinois, United States * Crooks Township, Renville County, Minnesota, United States * Crook, Missouri, an unincorporated community * Crook County, Oregon, United States * Crook County, Wyoming, United States * Crook City, South Dakota, United States, a populated place also known as Crook * Crooks, South Dakota, United States, a city * Crook National Forest, Arizona, United States, divided into three other national forests in 1953 * Crook Glacier, Oregon, United States * Crooks Mound, an archaeological site in Louisiana, United States * Crooks Inlet, Nunavut, Canada * Fort Crook (other) Surnames * Crook (surname) * Crooks (surname) Films * ''The Crook'', English title ...
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